Muscle Discussions
Copyright Feb
2003 Ted Nissen.
1 ABDUCTOR DIGITI MINIMI (FOOT)
1name
2 ABDUCTOR DIGITI MINIMI (HAND)
13 BICEPS FEMORIS (Lateral Hamstring)
17 BULBOCAVERNOSUS
(BULBOSPONGIOSUS)
19 COCCYGEUS (ISCHIOCOCCYGEUS)
22 CRICOARYTENOID LATERAL &
POSTERIOR
32 DIGASTRIC ANT & POST BELLY
(SUPRAHYOID)
36 EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS BREVIS
37 EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS LONGUS
48 EXTERNAL ABDOMINAL OBLIQUE=ANT
DIV
49 EXTERNAL ABDOMINAL OBLIQUE=LAT
DIV
52 EXTRINSIC AURICULAR MUSCLES
55 FLEXOR DIGITI MINIMI BREVIS
(FOOT)
56 FLEXOR DIGITI MINIMI BREVIS
(HAND)
60 FLEXOR DIGITORUM SUPERFICIALIS
67 GEMELLUS INFERIOR (1 of 6
Deep Lateral Rotators of Femur)
68 GEMELLUS SUPERIOR (1 of 6
Deep Lateral Rotators of Femur)
82 INFERIOR LONGITUDINAL LINGUALIS
84 INFERIOR PHARYNGEAL CONSTRICTOR
86 INFRASPINATUS (Rotator Cuff Muscle)
87 INTERNAL ABDOMINAL OBLIQUE (Anterior
Division)
88 INTERNAL ABDOMINAL OBLIQUE
(Lateral Division)
92 INTRINSIC AURICULAR MUSCLES
98 LEVATOR ANGULI ORIS(CANINUS)
99 LEVATOR ANI, ILIAC PART(ILIOCOCCYGEUS)
100 LEVATOR ANI, PUBIC
PART(PUBOCOCCYGEUS)
102 LEVATOR LABII SUPERIORIS ALAEQUE
NASI
103 LEVATOR PALPEBRAE SUPERIORIS
120 MIDDLE PHARYNGEAL CONSTRICTOR
125 NASALIS (COMPRESSOR & DILATOR
NARIS)
126 OBLIQUE ARYTENOID &
ARYEPIGLOTTICUS
129 OBTURATOR EXTERNUS (1 of 6
Deep Lateral Rotators of Femur)
130 OBTURATOR INTERNUS (1 of 6
Deep Lateral Rotators of Femur)
132 OMOHYOID SUPERIOR & INFERIOR
(INFRAHYOID)
137 PALATOGLOSSUS (Palatoglossal
arch; Anterior pillar)
138 PALATOPHARYNGEUS
(Palatopharyngeal arch; Posterior pillar)
143 PECTORALIS MAJOR CLAVICULAR
149 PIRIFORMIS (1 of 6 Deep
Lateral Rotators of Femur)
161 QUADRATUS FEMORIS (1 of 6 Deep
Lateral Rotators of the Femur)
164 RECTUS ABDOMINIS (4 Divisions as
1)
167 RECTUS CAPITIS POSTERIOR MAJOR
168 RECTUS CAPITIS POSTERIOR MINOR
169 RECTUS FEMORIS (Quadriceps
Femoris) (1 of 4 Quadriceps)
180 SEMIMEMBRANOSUS (Medial
Hamstring)
184 SEMITENDINOSUS (Medial
Hamstring)
186 SERRATUS POSTERIOR INFERIOR
187 SERRATUS POSTERIOR SUPERIOR
200 STERNOTHYROID (INFRAHYOID)
205 SUBSCAPULARIS (Rotator Cuff
Muscle)
206 SUPERFICIAL TRANSVERSE PERINEUS
(SUPERFICIALIS)
207 SUPERIOR LONGITUDINAL LINGUALIS
209 SUPERIOR PHARYNGEAL CONSTRICTOR
212 SUPRASPINATUS (Rotator Cuff
Muscle)
218 TERES MINOR (Rotator Cuff Muscle)
219 THYROARYTENOID VOCALIS &
THYROEPIGLOTTICUS
225 TRANSVERSE LINGUALIS (BODY OF TONGUE)
226 TRANSVERSE PERINEUS (PROFUNDUS)
227 TRAPEZIUS LOWER (Lower Division)
232 VASTUS INTERMEDIUS (QUADRICEPS
FEMORIS) (1 of 4 Quadriceps)
233 VASTUS LATERALIS (Quadriceps
Femoris) (1 of 4 Quadriceps)
234 VASTUS MEDIALIS (Quadriceps
Femoris) (1 of 4 Quadriceps)
235 VERTICAL LINGUALIS (BODY OF
TONGUE)
1 ABDUCTOR DIGITI MINIMI (FOOT) 1name
Back Table of
Contents Illustration
1.1 Word Derivation
1.1.1 Abductor=Moves part away from midline
1.1.2 Digit=Finger or toe
1.1.3 Minimi= Little finger or toe
1.2 Origin
1.2.1 Medial and lateral processes of the tuberosity of calcaneus
1.3 Insertion
1.3.1 Lateral side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the fifth toe
1.4 Action
1.4.1 Abducts the fifth toe away from the fourth toe
1.5 Nerve Supply
1.5.1 Nerve
1.5.1.1 Lateral plantar nerve
1.5.2 Roots
1.5.2.1 S2
1.5.2.2 S3
1.6 Synergists
1.6.1 None
1.7 Category
1.7.1 Intrinsic Foot Plantar First Superficial Layer (IFP1)
1.8 View (When Illustrated Individually)
1.8.1 Plantar View (First Plantar Layer)
2 ABDUCTOR DIGITI MINIMI (HAND)
2.1 Word Derivation
2.1.1 Abductor=Moves part away from midline
2.1.2 Digit=Finger or toe
2.1.3 Minimi= Little finger or toe
2.2 Origin
2.2.1 Pisiform bone
2.2.2 Tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris
2.3 Insertion
2.3.1 Two slips
2.3.1.1 Ulnar side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the little finger
2.3.1.2 Ulnar border of the extensor expansion of the finger
2.4 Action
2.4.1 Abducts the little finger
2.4.2 Assists in flexing its proximal phalanx at the metacarpophalangeal joint
2.5 Nerve Supply
2.5.1 Nerve
2.5.1.1 Ulnar (Deep Branch)
2.5.2 Roots
2.5.2.1 C8
2.5.2.2 T1
2.6 Synergists
2.6.1 Flexor digiti minimi brevis
2.6.2 Opponens digiti minimi
2.7 Category
2.7.1 Intrinsic Hand Hypothenar (IHH)
2.8 View (When Illustrated Individually)
2.8.1 Anterior
3 ABDUCTOR HALLUCIS
3.1 Word Derivation
3.1.1 Abductor=Moves part away from midline
3.1.2 Hallucis= Hallux or Great toe
3.2 Origin
3.2.1 Medial process of tuberosity of the calcaneus
3.2.2 Flexor retinaculum
3.2.3 Plantar aponeurosis
3.2.4 Intermuscular septum
3.3 Insertion
3.3.1 Medial tendon of the flexor hallucis brevis
3.3.2 Medial side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the big toe
3.4 Action
3.4.1 Abducts the big toe from the mid line of the foot
3.5 Nerve Supply
3.5.1 Nerve
3.5.1.1 Medial plantar
3.5.2 Roots
3.5.2.1 S2
3.5.2.2 S3
3.6 Synergists
3.6.1 None
3.7 Category
3.7.1 Intrinsic Foot Plantar First Superficial Layer (IFP1)
3.8 View (When Illustrated Individually)
3.8.1 Plantar View (First Plantar Layer)
4 ABDUCTOR POLLICIS BREVIS
4.1 Word Derivation
4.1.1 Abductor=Moves part away from midline
4.1.2 Pollex= Thumb
4.1.3 Brevis=Short
4.2 Origin
4.2.1 Flexor retinaculum
4.2.2 Tubercles of the scaphoid and trapezium
4.3 Insertion
4.3.1 Radial side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb
4.4 Action
4.4.1 Abduction of the proximal phalanx and the metacarpal of the thumb
4.4.2 Medial rotation of the proximal phalanx and the metacarpal of the thumb
4.5 Nerve Supply
4.5.1 Nerve
4.5.1.1 Median
4.5.2 Roots
4.5.2.1 C8
4.5.2.2 T1
4.6 Synergists
4.6.1 Abductor pollicis longus
4.6.2 Extensor pollicis brevis
4.7 Category
4.7.1 Intrinsic Hand Thenar (ITT)
4.8 View (When Illustrated Individually)
4.8.1 Anterior View
5 ABDUCTOR POLLICIS LONGUS
5.1 Word Derivation
5.1.1 Abductor=Moves part away from midline
5.1.2 Pollex= Thumb
5.1.3 Longus=Long
5.2 Origin
5.2.1 Small facet of the ulnar side of the radius near its middle
5.2.2 Lateral side of the dorsal surface on the body of the ulna just below the insertion of the anconeus and the interosseous membrane
5.3 Insertion
5.3.1 The radial side of the base of the first metacarpal
5.4 Action
5.4.1 Abducts the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
5.4.2 Assists in extension of the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
5.5 Nerve Supply
5.5.1 Nerve
5.5.1.1 Posterior interosseous nerve (deep radial nerve)
5.5.2 Roots
5.5.2.1 C7
5.5.2.2 C8
5.6 Synergists
5.6.1 Abductor pollicis brevis
5.6.2 Extensor pollicis brevis
5.7 Category
5.7.1 Wrist, Hand, and Fingers Posterior Extensors Deep (WHFPED)
5.8 View (When Illustrated Individually)
5.8.1 Posterior
6 ADDUCTOR BREVIS
6.1 Word Derivation
6.1.1 Adductor=Moves part towards the midline
6.1.2 Brevis=Short
6.2 Origin
6.2.1 Outer surface of body and inferior ramus of pubis
6.3 Insertion
6.3.1 On a line extending from lesser trochanter to upper part of linea aspera
6.4 Action
6.4.1 Hip adduction
6.4.2 Hip flexion
6.4.3 Hip medial rotation
6.5 Nerve Supply
6.5.1 Nerve
6.5.1.1 Obturator
6.5.2 Roots
6.5.2.1 L2
6.5.2.2 L3
6.5.2.3 L4
6.6 Synergists
6.6.1 Adductor magnus
6.6.2 Adductor longus
6.6.3 Gracilis
6.6.4 Pectineus
6.7 Category
6.7.1 Thigh Adductor Compartment (TAD)
6.8 View (When Illustrated Individually)
6.8.1 Anterior
7 ADDUCTOR HALLUCIS
7.1 Word Derivation
7.1.1 Adductor=Moves part towards the midline
7.1.2 Hallucis= Hallux or Great toe
7.2 Origin
7.2.1 Oblique head
7.2.1.1 Bases of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th metatarsals
7.2.2 Transverse head
7.2.2.1 Plantar Metatarsophalangeal ligaments of the 3rd, 4th and 5th toes
7.2.2.2 Deep transverse metatarsal ligaments
7.3 Insertion
7.3.1 Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of big toe
7.4 Action
7.4.1 Adducts the big toe towards the 2nd toe
7.5 Joints
7.5.1 Metatarsophalangeal joint of big toe
7.6 Nerve Supply
7.6.1 Nerve
7.6.1.1 Lateral plantar nerve
7.6.2 Roots
7.6.2.1 S2
7.6.2.2 S3
7.7 Synergists
7.7.1
7.8 Category
7.8.1 Intrinsic Foot Plantar Third Layer (IFP3)
7.9 View (When Illustrated Individually)
7.9.1 Plantar
8 ADDUCTOR LONGUS
8.1 Word Derivation
8.1.1 Adductor=Moves part towards the midline
8.1.2 Longus=Long
8.2 Origin
8.2.1 Front of pubis in angle between crest and symphysis
8.3 Insertion
8.3.1 Middle 1/3 of medial lip of linea aspera
8.4 Joints
8.4.1 Hip
8.5 Action
8.5.1 Adduction
8.5.2 Flexion
8.5.3 Medial rotation
8.6 Nerve Supply
8.6.1 Nerve
8.6.1.1 Obturator
8.6.2 Roots
8.6.2.1 L2
8.6.2.2 L3
8.6.2.3 L4
8.7 Synergists
8.7.1 Gracilis
8.7.2 Adductor magnus
8.7.3 Pectineus
8.7.4 Adductor brevis
8.8 Category
8.8.1 Thigh Adductor Compartment (TAD)
8.9 View (When Illustrated Individually)
8.9.1 Anterior
9 ADDUCTOR MAGNUS
9.1 Word Derivation
9.1.1 Adductor=Moves part towards the midline
9.1.2 Magnus=Large
9.2 Origin
9.2.1 POSTERIOR FIBERS
9.2.1.1 Ischial tuberosity
9.2.2 ANTERIOR FIBERS
9.2.2.1 Ramus of ischium
9.2.2.2 Pubis
9.3 Insertion
9.3.1 Line extending from the gluteal tuberosity along the linea aspera
9.3.2 Medial supracondylar line
9.3.3 Adductor tubercle on medial condyle of femur
9.4 Joints
9.4.1 Hip
9.5 Action
9.5.1 Adduction
9.5.2 Extension
9.5.2.1 . Note
9.5.2.1.1 Fibers arising from ischium and ramus of ischium primarily
insert distally and aid in hip extension
9.5.3 Flexion
9.5.3.1 Note
9.5.3.1.1 Fibers arising from ramus of pubis insert proximally and aid in hip flexion.
9.5.4 Medial rotation
9.6 Nerve Supply
9.6.1 Posterior fibers
9.6.1.1 Nerve
9.6.1.1.1 Tibial portion of sciatic
9.6.1.2 Roots
9.6.1.2.1 L4
9.6.1.2.2 L5
9.6.1.2.3 S1
9.6.2 Anterior fibers
9.6.2.1 Nerve
9.6.2.1.1 Obturator
9.6.2.2 Roots
9.6.2.2.1 L2
9.6.2.2.2 L3
9.6.2.2.3 L4
9.7 Synergists
9.7.1 Adductor brevis
9.7.2 Adductor longus
9.7.3 Pectineus
9.7.4 Gracilis
9.8 Category
9.8.1 Thigh Adductor Compartment (TAD)
9.9 View (When Illustrated Individually)
9.9.1 Anterior
10 ADDUCTOR POLLICIS
10.1 Word Derivation
10.1.1 Adductor=Moves part towards the midline
10.1.2 Pollex= Thumb
10.2 Origin
10.2.1 OBLIQUE HEAD
10.2.1.1 Capitate bone
10.2.1.2 Bases of the 2nd and 3rd metacarpal bones
10.2.2 TRANSVERSE HEAD
10.2.2.1 Distal 2/3 of the palmar surface of the 3rd metacarpal bone
10.3 Insertion
10.3.1 Two heads converge to insert on the ulnar side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb
10.4 Joints
10.4.1 Carpometacarpal (CMJ)
10.4.2 Metacarpophalangeal (MPJ)
10.5 Action
10.5.1 Adduction (1st CMJ) (Thumb)
10.5.2 Adduction (1st MPJ) (Thumb)
10.5.3 Flexion (1st MPJ) (Thumb)
10.6 Nerve Supply
10.6.1 Nerve
10.6.1.1 Ulnar (Deep branch)
10.6.2 Roots
10.6.2.1 C8
10.6.2.2 T1
10.7 Synergists
10.7.1 Flexor pollicis brevis
10.7.2 Flexor pollicis longus
10.7.3 Opponens pollicis
10.8 Category
10.8.1 Intrinsic Hand Thenar (IHT)
10.9 View (When Illustrated Individually)
10.9.1 Anterior
11 ANCONEUS
11.1 Word Derivation
11.1.1 Anconeal=Pertaining to elbow
11.2 Origin
11.2.1 Posterior surface of lateral epicondyle of humerus
11.3 Insertion
11.3.1 Lateral side of olecranon process
11.3.2 Posterior surface of proximal portion of ulna
11.4 Joints
11.4.1 Elbow
11.4.2 Radioulnar (RU)
11.5 Action
11.5.1 Extension (Elbow)
11.5.2 Pronation (RU)
11.6 Nerve Supply
11.6.1 Nerve
11.6.1.1 Radial
11.6.2 Roots
11.6.2.1 C7
11.6.2.2 C8
11.6.2.3 T1
11.7 Synergists
11.7.1 Triceps Brachii
11.8 Category
11.8.1 Forearm Extensors (FAE)
11.9 View (When Illustrated Individually)
11.9.1 Posterior
12 BICEPS BRACHII
12.1 Word Derivation
12.1.1 Biceps=Two heads of origin
12.1.2 Brachion=Arm
12.2 Origin
12.2.1 Long head
12.2.1.1 Supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
12.2.2 Short head
12.2.2.1 Apex of coracoid process of the scapula
12.3 Insertion
12.3.1 Radial tuberosity and bicipital aponeurosis
12.4 Joints
12.4.1 Glenohumeral (GH)
12.4.2 Elbow
12.4.3 Radioulnar (RU)
12.5 Action
12.5.1 Flexion (Elbow)
12.5.2 Supination (RU)
12.5.3 Flexion (GH)
12.5.4 Reversed origin-insertion action
12.5.4.1 Both heads of the biceps brachii are active during flexion of the arm at the shoulder joint, with the long head being more active.
12.6 Nerve Supply
12.6.1 Nerve
12.6.1.1 Musculocutaneous
12.6.1.1.1
Separate
branches to each head
12.6.2
Roots
12.6.2.1 C5
12.6.2.2 C6
12.7 Synergists
12.7.1 Brachialis
12.7.2 Brachioradialis
12.7.3 Supinator
12.8 Category
12.8.1 Forearm Flexors (FAF)
12.9 View (When Illustrated Individually)
12.9.1 Anterior
13 BICEPS FEMORIS (Lateral Hamstring)
13.1 Word Derivation
13.1.1 Biceps=Two heads of origin
13.1.2 Femoris=Femur
13.2 Origin
13.2.1 Long head
13.2.1.1 Ischial tuberosity
13.2.1.2 Sacrotuberous ligament
13.2.2 Short head
13.2.2.1 Lateral lip of linea aspera
13.2.2.2 Lateral supracondylar line of femur
13.2.2.3 Lateral intermuscular septum
13.3 Insertion
13.3.1 Lateral side of the head of the fibula
13.3.2 Lateral condyle of the tibia
13.3.3 Deep fascia on the lateral side of the leg
13.4 Joints
13.4.1 Knee
13.4.2 Hip
13.5 Action
13.5.1 Flexion (Knee)
13.5.2 Lateral rotation (Knee)
13.5.3 Extension (Hip)
13.5.4 Adduction (Hip)
13.5.5 Lateral Rotation (Hip)
13.5.6 Note
13.5.6.1 When the hip is extended the long head of the biceps Femoris is placed at a mechanical disadvantage in knee extension. The short head of the biceps Femoris then becomes the primary knee flexor.
13.5.7 Reversed origin-insertion action
13.5.7.1 The long head gives posterior stability to the pelvis and extends the pelvis on the hip.
13.6 Nerve Supply
13.6.1 LONG HEAD
13.6.1.1 Nerve
13.6.1.1.1
Sciatic (Tibial
Portion)
13.6.1.2 Roots
13.6.1.2.1
L5
13.6.1.2.2
S1
13.6.1.2.3 S2
13.6.2 Short head
13.6.2.1 Nerve
13.6.2.1.1 Sciatic (Common peroneal portion)
13.6.2.2 Roots
13.6.2.2.1 L5
13.6.2.2.2 S1
13.6.2.2.3 S2
13.7 Synergists
13.7.1 Semimembranosus
13.7.2 Semitendinosus
13.7.3 Gracilis
13.7.4 Sartorius
13.7.5 Gastrocnemius
13.8 Category
13.8.1 Leg Posterior Flexor Compartment (LPF)
13.9 View (When Illustrated Individually)
13.9.1 Posterior
14 BRACHIALIS
14.1 Word Derivation
14.1.1 Brachion=Arm
14.2 Origin
14.2.1 Lower 1/2 of the anterior surface of the humerus
14.3 Insertion
14.3.1 Tuberosity and coronoid process of the ulna
14.4 Joints
14.4.1 Elbow
14.5 Action
14.5.1 Flexion
14.6 Nerve Supply
14.6.1 Nerve
14.6.1.1 Musculocutaneous
14.6.1.2 Radial
14.6.2 Roots
14.6.2.1 C5 (Musculocutaneous)
14.6.2.2 C6 (Musculocutaneous)
14.6.2.3 C7 (Radial)
14.7 Synergists
14.7.1 Brachioradialis
14.7.2 Biceps brachii
14.8 Category
14.8.1 Forearm Flexors (FAF)
15 BRACHIORADIALIS
15.1 Word Derivation
15.1.1 Brachion=Arm
15.1.2 Radialis=Radius
15.2 Origin
15.2.1 Proximal 2/3 of the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus and lateral intermuscular septum
15.3 Insertion
15.3.1 Lateral side of base of styloid process of the radius
15.4 Joints
15.4.1 Elbow
15.4.2 Radioulnar (RU) Distal
15.5 Action
15.5.1 Flexion
15.5.2 Pronation (To midposition when joint is supinated) (RU) Distal
15.5.3 Supination (To midposition when joint is Pronated) (RU) Distal
15.6 Nerve Supply
15.6.1 Nerve
15.6.1.1 Radial
15.6.2 Roots
15.6.2.1 C5
15.6.2.2 C6
15.6.2.3 C7
15.7 Synergists
15.7.1 Brachialis
15.7.2 Biceps brachii
15.8 Category
15.8.1 Forearm Flexors (FAF)
16 BUCCINATOR
16.1 Word Derivation
16.1.1 Bucc=Cheek
16.2 Origin
16.2.1 Upper attachment
16.2.1.1 External surfaces of the alveolar process of the three molar teeth on the maxilla, crossing the maxillary tuberosity to the pterygold hamulus
16.2.2 Middle attachment
16.2.2.1 Anterior border of the pterygomandibular raphe
16.2.3 Inferior attachment
16.2.3.1 External surfaces of the alveolar processes of the three molar teeth on the mandible, crossing the junction of the ramus and body to the posterior end of the mylohyoid line
16.3 Insertion
16.3.1 Upper fibers
16.3.1.1 Blend with upper fibers of orbicularis oris.
16.3.2 Middle fibers
16.3.2.1 Decussate (cross) so that lower and upper ones continue into upper and lower parts of the orbicularis oris
16.3.3 Lower fibers
16.3.3.1 Blend with lower fibers of orbicularis oris
16.4 Action
16.4.1 Compresses the cheeks against the teeth
16.4.2 Draws angle of the mouth laterally.
16.5 Nerve Supply
16.5.1 Inferior buccal branches of the facial nerve (VII)
16.6 Arterial supply
16.6.1 Buccal (Maxillary)
16.6.2 Facial
16.6.3 Transverse facial
16.7 Synergists
16.7.1 Risorius
16.8 Antagonists
16.8.1 Orbicularis oris
16.9 Category
16.9.1 Facial Expression (FE)
17 BULBOCAVERNOSUS (BULBOSPONGIOSUS)
17.1 Word Derivation
17.1.1 Bulbus=Bulb
17.1.2 Caverna=Hollow
17.2 Origin
17.2.1 Central tendon of perineum
17.3 Insertion
17.3.1 Inferior fascia of urogenital diaphragm
17.3.2 Corpus spongiosum of penis
17.3.3 Deep fascia on dorsum of penis in male
17.3.4 Pubic arch and root and dorsum of clitoris in female
17.4 Action
17.4.1 Helps expel last drops of urine during micturition
17.4.2 Propel semen along urethra
17.4.3 Assist in erection of the penis in male
17.4.4 Decreases vaginal orifice and assists in erection of clitoris in female
17.5 Nerve Supply
17.5.1 Perineal branch of pudendal nerve
17.6 Synergists
17.6.1
17.7 Category
17.7.1 Perineum (PRN)
18 CILIARY MUSCLE
18.1 Origin
18.1.1 Scleral spur
18.2 Insertion
18.2.1 Stroma of the choroid
18.3 Action
18.3.1 Modify the shape of the lens to adjust for near (lens thickening) or distant Vision (lens thinning)
18.4 Nerve Supply
18.4.1 Near vision
18.4.1.1 Parasympathetic fibers through the Oculomotor nerve (III), from Edinger-Westphal nucleus
18.4.2 Distant vision
18.4.2.1 Sympathetic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion passing into the eye as the long ciliary nerves
18.5 Arterial supply
18.5.1 Long posterior and anterior ciliary rami from the ophthalmic and lacrimal branches of the internal carotid artery
18.6 Synergists
18.6.1 None
18.7 Antagonists
18.7.1 Parasympathetic and Sympathetic fibers produce antagonistic effects
18.7.2 Parasympathetic fibers
18.7.2.1 Contract the ciliary muscle thereby relaxing the zonal fibers which suspend the lens at its periphery
18.7.2.2 The relaxed lens thickens
18.7.3 Sympathetic fibers
18.7.3.1 Act upon arteries in ciliary body
18.7.3.2 Vasomotor activity increases tension in lens zonal fibers and produces a thinning of the lens
18.8 Category
18.8.1 Eye Ball (EB)
18.9 View
18.9.1 (Note: Lower two s are enlarged horizontal sections.)
19 COCCYGEUS (ISCHIOCOCCYGEUS)
19.1 Word Derivation
19.1.1 Coccygeus=Coccyx
19.2 Origin
19.2.1 Ischial Spine
19.3 Insertion
19.3.1 Lower Sacrum
19.3.2 Upper Coccyx
19.4 Action
19.4.1 Supports and slightly raises pelvic floor
19.4.2 Resists intraabdominal pressure
19.4.3 Pulls coccyx forward following defecation or parturition
19.5 Nerve Supply
19.5.1 Nerve
19.5.1.1 Sacral
19.5.2 Roots
19.5.2.1 S3
19.5.2.2 S4
19.6 Synergists
19.6.1
19.7 Category
19.7.1 Pelvic Floor (PF)
20 CORACOBRACHIALIS
20.1 Word Derivation
20.1.1 Coraco=Coracoid process
20.2 Origin
20.2.1 Tip of coracoid process of scapula
20.3 Insertion
20.3.1 Middle of medial border of humerus, opposite deltoid tuberosity
20.4 Joints
20.4.1 Glenohumeral
20.5 Action
20.5.1 Horizontal flexion
20.5.2 Adduction
20.6 Nerve Supply
20.6.1 Nerve
20.6.1.1 Musculocutaneous
20.6.2
Roots
20.6.2.1 C5
20.6.2.2 C6
20.6.2.3 C7
20.7 Synergists
20.7.1 Pectoralis major
20.7.2 Biceps brachii
20.7.3 Anterior deltoid
20.8 Category
20.8.1 Arm Scapular (AS)
21 CORRUGATOR SUPERCILII
21.1 Word Derivation
21.1.1 Corrugo=Wrinkle
21.1.2 Supercilium=Eyebrow
21.2 Origin
21.2.1 Medial end of the superciliary arch of the frontal bone
21.3 Insertion
21.3.1 Deep surface of the skin above the midpart of the orbital arch
21.4 Action
21.4.1 : Draws eyebrows medially and down (Frowning muscle)
21.5 Nerve Supply
21.5.1 Temporal branches of the facial nerve (VII)
21.6 Artery supply
21.6.1 Supratrochlear (Branch of ophthalmic)
21.6.2 Supraorbital (Branch of ophthalmic)
21.7 Synergists
21.7.1 Orbicularis oculi
21.7.2 Procerus
21.8 Antagonist
21.8.1 Frontalis
21.9 Category
21.9.1 Facial Expression (FE)
22 CRICOARYTENOID LATERAL & POSTERIOR
22.1 Origin
22.1.1 Cricoarytenoid Lateral
22.1.1.1 Upper border of arch of cricoid cartilage
22.1.2 Cricoarytenoid Posterior
22.1.2.1 Posterior surface of lamina of cricoid cartilage
22.2 Insertion
22.2.1 Cricoarytenoid Lateral
22.2.1.1 Muscular process of arytenoids cartilage
22.2.2 Cricoarytenoid Posterior
22.2.2.1 Muscular process of arytenoid cartilage
22.3 Action
22.3.1 Cricoarytenoid Lateral
22.3.1.1 Adducts and medially rotates arytenoid cartilage assisting in closing glottis
22.3.2 Cricoarytenoid Posterior
22.3.2.1 Abducts arytenoid cartilage widening glottis
22.4 Nerve Supply
22.4.1 Vagus (X)
22.4.2 Accessory (XI)
22.5 Synergists
22.5.1
22.6 Category
22.6.1 Larynx Extrinsic (LXE)
23 CRICOPHARYNGEUS
23.1 Origin
23.1.1 Arch of cricoid cartilage
23.2 Insertion
23.2.1 Arch of cricoid cartilage
23.3 Action
23.3.1 Acts as sphincter to prevent air entering esophagus
23.3.2 Relaxes during swallowing
23.4 Nerve Supply
23.4.1 Nerve Plexus
23.4.1.1 Pharyngeal plexus
23.4.2 Roots
23.4.2.1 CN (IX)
23.4.2.2 CN (X)
23.4.2.3 CN (XI)
23.5 Synergists
23.5.1
23.6 Category
23.6.1 Pharynx longitudinal layer (PXL)
24 CRICOTHYROID
24.1 Word Derivation
24.1.1 Crico=Cricoid cartilage of larynx
24.1.2 Thyro=Thyroid gland
24.2 Origin
24.2.1 Anterolateral, external aspect of the cricoid cartilage
24.3 Insertion
24.3.1 Inferior part
24.3.1.1 Anterior border of the inferior cornu of thyroid
24.3.2 Superior Part
24.3.2.1 Posterior part of the lower border of the thyroid lamina
24.4 Action
24.4.1 Elevation of cricoid arch and tilting, back its lamina
24.4.2 Closes anterior interval between the cricoid and thyroid cartilages, thereby, tightening the vocal cords
24.5 Nerve Supply
24.5.1 External branch of the superior laryngeal nerve from the vagus nerve (X)
24.6 Arterial supply
24.6.1 Cricothyroid branch and rami of the superior thyroid artery
24.6.2 Rami from the inferior thyroid artery
24.7 Synergists
24.7.1 Posterior Arytenoids
24.8 Antagonists
24.8.1 Vocalis
24.8.2 Thyroarytenoid
24.9 Category
24.9.1 Larynx Intrinsic (LXI)
25 DELTOID ANTERIOR
25.1 Word Derivation
25.1.1 Delta=Triangular
25.1.2 Supercilium=Eyebrow
25.2 Origin
25.2.1 Anterosuperior border of the lateral 1/3 of the clavicle
25.3 Insertion
25.3.1 Deltoid tuberosity of the humerus on the anterolateral surface just above is midshaft
25.4 Joints
25.4.1 Glenohumeral
25.5 Action
25.5.1 Abduction
25.5.2 Horizontal flexion
25.5.3 Medial rotation
25.6 Nerve Supply
25.6.1 Nerve
25.6.1.1 Axillary
25.6.2 Roots
25.6.2.1 C5
25.6.2.2 C6
25.7 Synergists
25.7.1 Middle Deltoid
25.7.2 Posterior Deltoid
25.7.3 Supraspinatus
25.7.4 Pectoralis Major Clavicular
25.8 Category
25.8.1 Arm Scapular (AS)
26 DELTOID MIDDLE
26.1 Origin
26.1.1 Superior surface of the acromion process
26.2 Insertion
26.2.1 Deltoid tuberosity of humerus
26.3 Joints
26.3.1 Glenohumeral
26.4 Action
26.4.1 Abduction
26.5 Nerve Supply
26.5.1 Nerve
26.5.1.1 Axillary
26.5.2 Roots
26.5.2.1 C5
26.5.2.2 C6
26.6 Synergists
26.6.1 Anterior Deltoid
26.6.2 Posterior Deltoid
26.6.3 Supraspinatus
26.7 Category
26.7.1 Arm Scapular (AS)
27 DELTOID POSTERIOR
27.1 Origin
27.1.1 Inferior margin of spine of scapula
27.2 Insertion
27.2.1 Deltoid tuberosity of humerus
27.3 Joints
27.3.1 Glenohumeral
27.4 Action
27.4.1 Abduction
27.4.2 Horizontal Extension
27.4.3 Lateral Rotation
27.5 Nerve Supply
27.5.1 Nerve
27.5.1.1 Axillary
27.5.2 Roots
27.5.2.1 C5
27.5.2.2 C6
27.6 Synergists
27.6.1 Anterior Deltoid
27.6.2 Middle Deltoid
27.6.3 Supraspinatus
27.7 Category
27.7.1 Arm Scapular (AS)
28 DEPRESSOR ANGULI ORIS
28.1 Origin
28.1.1 The oblique line of the mandible, below and lateral to the depressor labii inferioris
28.2 Insertion
28.2.1 The angle of the mouth, mingling with the levator anguli oris, zygomatIcus major, and muscular bands of the orbicularis Oris
28.3 Action
28.3.1 Depresses the modiolus and angle of mouth
28.4 Nerve Supply
28.4.1 Mandibular marginal branch of the facial nerve (VII)
28.5 Arterial supply
28.5.1 Inferior labial branch from the facial artery
28.5.2 Mental branch from the inferior alveolar artery
28.6 Synergists
28.6.1 Platysma (Pars Modiolus)
28.6.2 Depressor Labii Inferioris
28.7 Antagonists
28.7.1 For direct modiolar deviation
28.7.1.1 Levator Anguli Oris
28.7.1.2 Zygomaticus Major
28.7.2 For angle of mouth deviation
28.7.2.1 Lateral Slip of the Levator Labii Superioris
28.7.2.2 Alaeque Nasi
28.7.2.3 Levator Labii Superioris
28.7.2.4 Zygomaticus Minor
28.8 Category
28.8.1 Facial Expression (FE)
28.9
Note
28.9.1
(Denotes Modiolus)
29 DEPRESSOR LABII INFERIORIS
29.1 Origin
29.1.1 The oblique line of mandible, between symphysis menti and the mental foramen
29.2 Insertion
29.2.1 The skin of the lower lip, blending and intersecting with its other and with orbicularis oris
29.2.2 Note
29.2.2.1 It is continuous below and laterally with the labial part of the platysma).
29.3 Action
29.3.1 Depresses the lower lip laterally and assists in eversion
29.4 Nerve Supply
29.4.1 Mandibular marginal branch of the facial nerve (VII)
29.5 Arterial supply
29.5.1 Inferior labial branch of the facial artery
29.5.2 Mental branch of the inferior alveolar artery
29.6 Synergists
29.6.1 Platysma (Pars Labialis)
29.6.2 Depressor Anguli Oris
29.7 Antagonist
29.7.1 Orbicularis Oris
29.8 Category
29.8.1 Facial Expression (FE)
30 DEPRESSOR SEPTI
30.1 Origin
30.1.1 From the incisive fossa of the maxilla
30.2 Insertion
30.2.1 The mobile part of the nasal septum, deep to the superior labial mucous membrane
30.3 Action
30.3.1 Draws ala of nose downwards and thereby constricts the aperture of naris.
30.4 Nerve Supply
30.4.1 Superior buccal branches of the facial nerve (VII)
30.5 Arterial supply
30.5.1 Septal and alar branches from the superior labial artery
30.6 Synergists
30.6.1 Nasalis
30.7 Antagonist
30.7.1 Dilator Naris
30.8 Category
30.8.1 Facial Expression (FE)
31 DIAPHRAGM
31.1 Origin
31.1.1 An approximately circular line passing entirely around the inner surface of the body wall
31.1.2 STERNAL PORTION
31.1.2.1 Two slips from the back of the xiphoid process
31.1.3 COSTAL PORTION
31.1.3.1 The inner surfaces of the cartilages and adjacent portions of the lower 6 ribs on either side, interdigitating with the transverses abdominis
31.1.4 LUMBAR PORTION
31.1.4.1 Medial and lateral arcuate ligaments and right and left crura from the anterolateral surfaces of the bodies and discs of the upper three lumbar vertebrae
31.2 Insertion
31.2.1 The central tendon, which is an oblong sheet forming the summit of the dome
31.3 Action
31.3.1 Principal muscle of respiration
31.3.2 Draws the central tendon downward, during quiet inspiration, pressing against the abdominal visera
31.4 Nerve Supply
31.4.1 Nerve
31.4.1.1 Phrenic (Cervical Plexus)
31.4.2 Roots
31.4.2.1 C3
31.4.2.2 C4
31.4.2.3 C5
31.5 Synergists
31.5.1 External Intercostals
31.5.2 Internal Intercostals
31.5.3 Serratus Posterior Superior
31.5.4 Scalenus Anterior
31.5.5 Scalenus Medius
31.5.6 Scalenus Posterior
31.5.7 Levatores Costarum
31.6 Category
31.6.1 Breathing (B)
32 DIGASTRIC ANT & POST BELLY (SUPRAHYOID)
32.1 Origin
32.1.1 Anterior belly
32.1.1.1 Digastric fossa of mandible
32.1.2 Posterior belly
32.1.2.1 Mastoid notch of temporal bone
32.2 Insertion
32.2.1 Intermediate tendon attached to the hyoid via a fibrous loop
32.3 Action
32.3.1 Mandibular depression and hyoid elevation
32.3.2 Note
32.3.2.1 Both bellies act together during swallowing and chewing
32.4 Nerve Supply
32.4.1 Anterior belly
32.4.1.1 Mylohyoid rami from the inferior alveolar branch of the trIgeminal nerve (V3)
32.4.2 Posterior belly
32.4.2.1 Digastric branch facial nerve (VII)
32.5 Arterial supply
32.5.1 Anterior belly
32.5.1.1 Mylohyoid branch of inferior alveolar artery
32.5.1.2 Submandibular branch of the facial artery
32.5.2 Posterior belly
32.5.2.1 Posterior auricular artery and muscular branches of the occipital artery
32.6 Synergists
32.6.1 Mandibular Depression
32.6.1.1 Mylohyoid
32.6.1.2 Geniohyoid
32.6.1.3 Lateral Pterygoid
32.6.1.4 Platysma
32.6.2 Hyoid Elevation
32.6.2.1 Stylohyoid
32.6.2.2 Mylohyoid
32.6.2.3 Geniohyoid
32.7 Antagonists
32.7.1 Mandibular Depression
32.7.1.1 Masseter
32.7.1.2 Temporalis
32.7.1.3 Medial Pterygoid
32.7.2 Hyoid Elevation
32.7.2.1 Sternohyoid
32.7.2.2 Thyrohyoid
32.7.2.3 Omohyoid
32.8 Category
32.8.1 ORAL CAVITY FLOOR (OCF)
33 DILATOR PUPILLAE
33.1 Origin
33.1.1 The mesodermal stroma in the periphery of the iris
33.2 Insertion
33.2.1 The iris among the outer parts of the sphincter pupillae fibers
33.3 Action
33.3.1 Dilation of the pupil to adjust for distant vision or diminished light
33.4 Nerve Supply
33.4.1 Sympathetic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion passing as long ciliary nerves to the globe
33.5 Arterial supply
33.5.1 Long posterior and anterior ciliary rami from the ophthalmic and lacrimal branches of the internal carotid artery
33.6 Synergists
33.6.1 None
33.7 Antagonist
33.7.1 Sphincter pupillae
33.8 Category
33.8.1 Eye Ball (EB)
33.9 View
33.9.1 Note
33.9.1.1 Lower 2 s are enlarged horizontal sections
34 DORSAL INTEROSSEI (FOOT)
34.1 Origin
34.1.1 There are four dorsal interossei each by two heads from adjacent sides of the metatarsals
34.2 Insertion
34.2.1 Bases of the proximal phalanges and extensor expansion of the tendons of the extensor digitorum longus
34.2.2 The 1st dorsal interosseous (arising from the 1st and 2nd metatarsals) inserts into the medial side of the 2nd toe
34.2.3 The 2nd-4th dorsal interossei insert into the lateral sides of the 2nd 3rd and 4th toes
34.3 Action
34.3.1 Abducts the 2nd, 3rd and 4th toes away from the longitudinal axis of the 2nd toe
34.3.2 Assists in flexing the proximal phalanx
34.3.3 Extends the middle and distal phalanges
34.4 Nerve Supply
34.4.1 Nerve
34.4.1.1 Lateral Plantar
34.4.2 Roots
34.4.2.1 S2
34.4.2.2 S3
34.5 Synergists
34.5.1 Plantar Interossei
34.6 Category
34.6.1 Intrinsic Foot Plantar Fourth Deep Layer (IFP4)
35 DORSAL INTEROSSEI (HAND)
35.1 Origin
35.1.1 Each from the 2 metacarpal bones between which it inserts
35.2 Insertion
35.2.1 Bases of the proximal phalanges of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th digits and the extensor expansion
35.3 Action
35.3.1 Abduct index, middle and ring fingers from an axis through the middle finger
35.3.2 All assist in flexing the proximal phalanges of the index, middle and ring fingers at the metacarpophalangeal joints
35.3.3 Extending middle and distal phalanges
35.4 Nerve Supply
35.4.1 Nerve
35.4.1.1 Ulnar (Deep Branch)
35.4.2 Roots
35.4.2.1 C8
35.4.2.2 T1
35.5 Synergists
35.5.1 Lumbricals
35.5.2 Palmar Interossei
35.5.3 Flexor Digitorum Profundus
35.5.4 Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
35.6 Category
35.6.1 Intrinsic Hand Intermediate (Midpalmar) (IHI)
36 EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS BREVIS
36.1 Origin
36.1.1 Common extensor tendon from lateral epicondyle of humerus
36.2 Insertion
36.2.1 Posterior surface of base of 3rd metacarpal
36.3 Joints
36.3.1 Wrist
36.4 Action
36.4.1 Extension
36.4.2 Radial Deviation
36.5 Nerve Supply
36.5.1 Nerve
36.5.1.1 Posterior interosseous (deep
radial)
36.5.2 Roots
36.5.2.1 C7
36.5.2.2 C8
36.6 Synergists
36.6.1 Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus
36.6.2 Extensor Carpi Ulnaris (Extension)
36.6.3 Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus
36.6.4 Flexor Carpi Radialis (Radial Deviation)
36.7 Category
36.7.1 Wrist, Hand, and Fingers Posterior Extensors Deep (WHFPED)
37 EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS LONGUS
37.1 Origin
37.1.1 Lower 1/3 of lateral supracondylar ridge
37.1.2 Lateral epicondyle (few fibers from)
37.2 Insertion
37.2.1 Posterior surface of base of second metacarpal
37.3 Joint
37.3.1 Wrist
37.4 Action
37.4.1 Extension
37.4.2 Radial Deviation
37.5 Nerve Supply
37.5.1 Nerve
37.5.1.1 Radial
37.5.2 Roots
37.5.2.1 C6
37.5.2.2 C7
37.6 Synergists
37.6.1 Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis
37.6.2 Extensor Carpi Ulnaris (Extension)
37.6.3 Flexor Carpi Radialis (Radial Deviation)
37.7 Category
37.7.1 Wrist, Hand, and Fingers Posterior Extensors Superficial (WHFPES)
38 EXTENSOR CARPI ULNARIS
38.1 Origin
38.1.1 By two heads from lateral epicondyle of humerus and middle 1/3 of posterior ridge of ulna
38.2 Insertion
38.2.1 Posterior surface of base of 5th metacarpal
38.3 Joint
38.3.1 Wrist
38.4 Action
38.4.1 Extension
38.4.2 Ulnar Deviation
38.5 Nerve Supply
38.5.1 Nerve
38.5.1.1 Posterior interosseous (deep
radial)
38.5.2 Roots
38.5.2.1 C7
38.5.2.2 C8
38.6 Synergists
38.6.1 Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus
38.6.2 Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis (Extension)
38.6.3 Flexor Carpi Ulnaris (Ulnar Deviation)
38.7 Category
38.7.1 Wrist, Hand, and Fingers Posterior Extensors Superficial (WHFPES)
39 EXTENSOR DIGITI MINIMI
39.1 Origin
39.1.1 The common tendon of the extensor digitorum
39.2 Insertion
39.2.1 The tendon of the extensor digitorum at the proximal phalanx of the little finger and into the dorsal expansion of the finger extensor tendons
39.3 Joints
39.3.1 Metacarpophalangeal (MCP)
39.3.2 Interphalangeal (IP)
39.3.3 Wrist
39.4 Action
39.4.1 Extension (Proximal Phalanx Of The Little Finger) (MCP)
39.4.2 Extension (Wrist)
39.4.3 Extension (Middle And Distal Phalanges Especially When The Proximal Phalanx Is Held In Flexion) (IP)
39.5 Nerve Supply
39.5.1
39.5.1.1 Posterior interosseous (deep
radial)
39.5.2
39.5.2.1 C7
39.5.2.2 C8
39.5.3 NOTE
39.5.3.1 The posterior interosseous nerve is a direct continuation of the deep radial nerve after it has passed through the supinator .
39.6 Synergists
39.6.1 Extensor digitorum.
39.7 Category
39.7.1
40 EXTENSOR DIGITORUM
40.1 Origin
40.1.1 Common extensor tendon from lateral epicondyle of humerus.
40.2 Insertion
40.2.1 By 4tendons, 1 to each finger, each tendon dividing into 3 slips, the middle one attaching to the dorsal surface of middle phalanx and the other 2 uniting to attach to dorsal surface of base of distal phalanx.
40.3 Action
40.3.1 Extends phalanges at the interphalangeal joints, con- tinued action extends the metacarpophalangeal and car- pometacarpal articulations. Assists in extending wrist.
40.4 Nerve Supply
40.4.1 Posterior interosseous, (deep radial) C7, 8.
40.5 Synergists
40.5.1 Extensor indicis, extensor digiti minimi, lumbri- cales.
40.6 Category
40.6.1
41 EXTENSOR DIGITORUM BREVIS
41.1 Origin
41.1.1 The forepart of the supralateral surface of the calcaneus; lateral talocalcaneal ligament and inferior extensor retinaculum
41.2 Insertion
41.2.1 Branches into 3 tendons that insert into the lateral sides of the tendons of the extensor digitorum longus of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th toes.
41.3 Action
41.3.1 Extends the proximal phalanges of the 2rid, 3rd and 4th toes.
41.4 Nerve Supply
41.4.1 Deep peroneal, 81, 2.
41.5 Synergists
41.5.1 Extensor digitorum longus.
41.6 Category
41.6.1
42 EXTENSOR DIGITORUM LONGUS
42.1 Origin
42.1.1 Lateral condyle of the tibia, head and proximal :?/4 of the anterior surface on the body of the fibula, proximal portion of the interosseus membrane, deep fascia and intermuscular septa.
42.2 Insertion
42.2.1 Divides into four tendons after passing under the extensor retinaculum, to insert on to the dorsal surfaces of the bases of the middle and distal phalanges of the 2nd -5th toes.
42.3 Action
42.3.1 Extends the lateral 4 toes. Dorsiflexes and everts foot at the ankle.
42.4 Nerve Supply
42.4.1 Deep peroneal L5, 51.
42.5 Synergists
42.5.1 Extensor digitorum brevis.
42.6 Category
42.6.1
43 EXTENSOR HALLUCIS BREVIS
43.1 Origin
43.1.1 The forepart medial aspect of calcaneus; lateral talocal- canealligament, inferior extensor retinaculum.
43.2 Insertion
43.2.1 Dorsal surface of the base of proximal phalanx of hallux.
43.3 Action
43.3.1 Extends proximal phalanx of hallux.
43.4 Nerve Supply
43.4.1 Deep peroneal, 51, 2.
43.5 Synergists
43.5.1 Extensor hallucis longus.
43.6 Category
43.6.1
43.7 Note
43.7.1 (Note: The extensor hallucis brevis is the medial section of the extensor digitorum brevis.)
44 EXTENSOR HALLUCIS LONGUS
44.1 Origin
44.1.1 Middle V2 of the anterior surface of the fibula and the adjacent interosseous membrane.
44.2 Insertion
44.2.1 Dorsal surface of base of distal phalanx of hallux (big toe).
44.3 Action
44.3.1 Extends the distal phalanx of the big toe. Continued action extends proximal phalanx and dorsiflexes and inverts the foot at the ankle.
44.4 Nerve Supply
44.4.1 Deep peroneal, L5, 81
44.5 Synergists
44.5.1 Extensor hallucis brevis.
44.6 Category
44.6.1
45 EXTENSOR INDICIS
45.1 Origin
45.1.1 Dorsal surface of distal half of ulna.
45.2 Insertion
45.2.1 Index finger extensor digitorum tendon.
45.3 Action
45.3.1 Extension of all phalanges of index finger. Assists in wrist extension.
45.4 Nerve Supply
45.4.1 Posterior Interosseous, (deep radial), C7,8.
45.5 Synergists
45.5.1 Extensor digitorum.
45.6 Category
45.6.1
46 EXTENSOR POLLICIS BREVIS
46.1 Origin
46.1.1 The posterior surface of the distal end of the body of the ulna near the middle and the adjacent interosseous membrane.
46.2 Insertion
46.2.1 The posterior surface of the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb.
46.3 Action
46.3.1 Extends the proximal phalanx of the thumb. Continued action extends and assists abduction of the 1 st metacarpal.
46.4 Nerve Supply
46.4.1 Posterior interosseous nerve (deep radial nerve), C6,7.
46.5 Synergists
46.5.1 Abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis longus.
46.6 Category
46.6.1
47 EXTENSOR POLLICIS LONGUS
47.1 Origin
47.1.1 Posterior surface of the middle 1/3 of the ulna and the interosseous membrane.
47.2 Insertion
47.2.1 The posterior surface of the base of the distal phalanx of the thumb.
47.3 Action
47.3.1 Extends the distal phalanx of the thumb. Continued action, extends proximal phalanx and metacarpal, and adducts the 1st metacarpal.
47.4 Nerve Supply
47.4.1 Posterior interosseous nerve (deep radial nerve) C7,8.
47.5 Synergists
47.5.1 Extensor pollicis brevis.
47.6 Category
47.6.1
48 EXTERNAL ABDOMINAL OBLIQUE=ANT DIV
48.1 Origin
48.1.1 External surfaces and inferior borders of the Sth -12th ribs by tendinous slips that interdigitate with those of serratus anterior and latissimus dorsi.
48.2 Insertion
48.2.1 Linea alba by means of the broad abdominal aponeurosis from ribs to crest of pubis, inquinalligament and the anterior half of the iliac crest along the outer lip.
48.3 Action
48.3.1 Acting unilaterally, rotates the trunk to the opposite side, and flexes it laterally on the side of muscle contraction. If rotation is only activity, the opposite internal oblique is synergist. Acting bilaterally, flexes the trunk anteriorly, supports and compresses the abdominal viscera, giving anterior support to the spinal column. Gives anterior stabilization to pelvis, decreasing lordosis. Assists in forced expiration.
48.4 Nerve Supply
48.4.1 Branches of the 7th .12th intercostal nerves.
48.5 Synergists
48.5.1 Rectus abdominis, internal oblique and external oblique abdominals of opposite side. Psoas on lumbar spine in total trunk flexion.
48.6 Category
48.6.1
49 EXTERNAL ABDOMINAL OBLIQUE=LAT DIV
49.1 Origin
49.1.1
49.2 Insertion
49.2.1
49.3 Action
49.3.1
49.4 Nerve Supply
49.4.1
49.5 Synergists
49.5.1
49.6 Category
49.6.1
50 EXTERNAL ANAL SPHINCTER
50.1 Origin
50.1.1
50.2 Insertion
50.2.1
50.3 Action
50.3.1
50.4 Nerve Supply
50.4.1
50.5 Synergists
50.5.1
50.6 Category
50.6.1
51 EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS
51.1 Origin
51.1.1 Inferior border of rib above.
51.2 Insertion
51.2.1 Superior border of rib below
51.3 Action
51.3.1 Elevate ribs during inspiration.
51.4 Nerve Supply
51.4.1 Branches from corresponding intercostal nerves.
51.5 Synergists
51.5.1 Serratus posterior superior, levatores costarum. Scaleni group.
51.6 Category
51.6.1
52 EXTRINSIC AURICULAR MUSCLES
52.1 Origin
52.1.1 Auriculari~ anterior: Lateral edge of the epicranial aponeurosis.
52.1.2 Auricularis superior: EQicranial aponeurosis. Auricularis posterior: Mastoid part of the temporal bone.
52.2 Insertion
52.2.1 Auricularis anterior: The spine of the helix.
52.2.2 Auricularis superior: The upper part of the cranial surface of the auricle.
52.2.3 Auricularis posterior: By two or three fasciculi into the ponticulus on the eminentia conchae.
52.3 Action
52.3.1 Minimal action in man.
52.3.2 Auricularis anterior: Draws auricle forwards and up.
52.3.3 Auricularis superior: Elevates the auricle.
52.3.4 Auricularis posterior: Draws the auricle back.
52.4 Nerve Supply
52.4.1 Auricularis anterior and superior: Temporal bral}ches 9f the fa~ial nerve (VII).
52.4.2 AuriCularis posterior: PosterIor aurIcular branch of the facial nerve (VII).
52.5 Arterial supply
52.5.1 Auricular rami from the posterior auricular branch of the external carotid artery, the anterior auricular branches of the superficial temporal artery, and the auricular branch of the occipital artery.
52.6 Synergists
52.6.1 Frontalis and occipitalis, indirectly.
52.7 Antagonist
52.7.1 None
52.8 Category
52.8.1
53 FLEXOR CARPI RADIALIS
53.1 Origin
53.1.1 Common flexor tendon from medial epicondyle of humerus.
53.2 Insertion
53.2.1 Anterior surfaces of bases of 2nd and 3rd metacar- pals.
53.3 Action
53.3.1 Flexes and radially deviates the hand at the wrist.
53.4 Nerve Supply
53.4.1 Median nerve, C6, 7.
53.5 Synergists
53.5.1 Flexor carpi ulnaris and palmaris longus for flexion. Extension carpi radialis longus and brevis for radial deviation.
53.6 Category
53.6.1
54 FLEXOR CARPI ULNARIS
54.1 Origin
54.1.1 By 2 heads from medial epicondyle of humerus and medial border of olecranon process of ulna.
54.2 Insertion
54.2.1 Palmar surface of pisiform and hamate carpal bones and base of Sth metacarpal.
54.3 Action
54.3.1 Flexes and ulnarly deviates the hand at the wrist.
54.4 Nerve Supply
54.4.1 Ulnar, C7, 8.
54.5 Synergists
54.5.1 Flexor carpi radials and palmaris longus for flexion. Extensor carpi ulnaris for ulnar deviation.
54.6 Category
54.6.1
55 FLEXOR DIGITI MINIMI BREVIS (FOOT)
55.1 Origin
55.1.1 Base of the Sth metatarsal bone.
55.2 Insertion
55.2.1 Lateral side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the little toe.
55.3 Action
55.3.1 Flexes the proximal phalanx of the Sth toe.
55.4 Nerve Supply
55.4.1 Lateral plantar nerve, 82, 3.
55.5 Synergists
55.5.1 Flexor digitorum brevis, flexor digitorum longus, quadratus plantae.
55.6 Category
55.6.1
56 FLEXOR DIGITI MINIMI BREVIS (HAND)
56.1 Origin
56.1.1 Hamulus or hook of the hamate bone and flexor retinaculum.
56.2 Insertion
56.2.1 Ulnar side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the Sth finger.
56.3 Action
56.3.1 Flexes the Sth digit at the metacarpophalangeal articula- tion.
56.4 Nerve Supply
56.4.1 Deep branch of ulnar nerve, C8, T1.
56.5 Synergists
56.5.1 Flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, opponens digiti minimi, interossei.
56.6 Category
56.6.1
57 FLEXOR DIGITORUM BREVIS
57.1 Origin
57.1.1 Medial process of tuberosity of the calcaneus, central part of the plantar aponeurosis, and the intermuscular septa. The entire muscle belly is firmly united with the plantar aponeurosis.
57.2 Insertion
57.2.1 Divides into 4 tendons that insert into the middle phalanges of the 2nd -Sth toes.
57.3 Action
57.3.1 Plantar flexes the middle phalanges on the proximal phalanges, continued action flexes the proximal phalanges on the metatarsals.
57.4 Nerve Supply
57.4.1 Medial plantar, S2, 3.
57.5 Synergists
57.5.1 Flexor digitorum longus.
57.6 Category
57.6.1
58 FLEXOR DIGITORUM LONGUS
58.1 Origin
58.1.1 Posterior surface of middle :}/5 of tibia.
58.2 Insertion
58.2.1 Divides into 4 tendons that insert on the plantar surfaces of bases of distal phalanges of the 2nd -Sth toes.
58.3 Action
58.3.1 Flexes phalanges at all interphalangeal and metatar- sophalangeal articulations of 2nd -Sth toes. Plantar flexes and inverts foot at the ankle.
58.4 Nerve Supply
58.4.1 Tibia, S2, 3.
58.5 Synergists
58.5.1 Tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum brevis.
58.6 Category
58.6.1
58.7 View
58.7.1 Posterior and Plantar View
59 FLEXOR DIGITORUM PROFUNDUS
59.1 Origin
59.1.1 Upper :}f4 of the anterior and medial surfaces of the ulna, interosseous membrane and deep fascia of the forearm.
59.2 Insertion
59.2.1 4 tendons (1 to each finger) to palmar surface of base of distal phalanx, after passing through tendon of flexor digitorum superficialis.
59.3 Action
59.3.1 A exes the distal phalanges of the four fingers. Assists in flexing metacarpophalangeal, carpometacapal and wrist joints.
59.4 Nerve Supply
59.4.1 Nerve to portion of muscle which correlates with index and middle fingers, anterior interosseous branch of the median, C8, T1 ; nerve to portion of muscle which correlates with ring and little fingers, ulnar, C8, T1.
59.5 Synergists
59.5.1 Aexor digitorum superficialis.
59.6 Category
59.6.1
59.7 View
59.7.1 Anterior View
60 FLEXOR DIGITORUM SUPERFICIALIS
60.1 Origin
60.1.1 HUMERO-ULNAR HEAD: Medial epicondyle of the humerus by the common flexor tendon, ulnar collateral ligament of the elbow and the coronoid process of ulna.
60.1.2 RADIAL: Oblique line of the radius extending from the radial tuberosity to the insertion of the pronator teres.
60.2 Insertion
60.2.1 4 tendons (1 for each finger) divide for the passage of the tendons of flexor digitorum profundus then insert as 2 slips on the sides of the shaft of the middle phalanx.
60.3 Action
60.3.1 Flexes the phalanx of each finger on the proximal phalanx. Continued action, flexes the proximal phalanx at the hand, flexes the hand at the wrist.
60.4 Nerve Supply
60.4.1 Median C7, 8, T1.
60.5 Synergists
60.5.1 Flexor digitorum profundus.
60.6 Category
60.6.1
60.7 View
60.7.1
- Anterior View
61 FLEXOR HALLUCIS BREVIS
61.1 Origin
61.1.1 Medial portion of the plantar surface of the cuboid bone, adjacent portion of the lateral cuneiform bone and prolongation of the tendon of the tibialis posterior.
61.2 Insertion
61.2.1 Medial and lateral sides of base of proximal phalanx of the big toe.
61.3 Action
61.3.1 Flexes metatarsophalangeal articulation of big toe.
61.4 Nerve Supply
61.4.1 Medial plantar, S2, 3.
61.5 Synergists
61.5.1 Flexor hallucis longus.
61.6 Category
61.6.1
61.7 View
61.7.1 Plantar View (3rd Plantar Layer)
62 FLEXOR HALLUCIS LONGUS
62.1 Origin
62.1.1 Distal ql3 of posterior surface of fibula, interosseous membrane and adjacent intermuscular septa and fascia.
62.2 Insertion
62.2.1 Plantar surface of the base of distal phalanx of the hallux (big toe).
62.3 Action
62.3.1 Flexes big toe. Aids in plantar flexion and inversion of the foot at the ankle. Gives medial ankle stabilization.
62.4 Nerve Supply
62.4.1 Tibial 82,3.
62.5 Synergists
62.5.1 Flexor hallucis brevis.
62.6 Category
62.6.1
62.7 View
62.7.1
Posterior and Plantar View
63 FLEXOR POLLICIS BREVIS
63.1 Origin
63.1.1 SUPERFICIAL HEAD: Distal border of the flexor retinaculum and tubercle of the trapezium bone.
63.1.2 DEEP HEAD: Trapezoid and capitate bones.
63.2 Insertion
63.2.1 Radial side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb.
63.3 Action
63.3.1 Flexes proximal phalanx of the thumb. Continued action, flexes the 1st metacarpal and rotates it medially.
63.4 Nerve Supply
63.4.1 SUPERFICIAL HEAD: Median, C6, 7; mostly cs and T1.
63.4.2 DEEP HEAD: Ulnar, C8, T1.
63.5 Synergists
63.5.1 Flexor pollicis longus, adductor pollicis.
63.6 Category
63.6.1
63.7 View
63.7.1
Anterior View
64 FLEXOR POLLICIS LONGUS
64.1 Origin
64.1.1 Anterior surface of middle 1/2 of radius. Adjacent interos- seous membrane and a slip from the coronoid process of the ulna or medial epicondyle of humerus.
64.2 Insertion
64.2.1 Palmar surface of the base of the distal phalanx of the thumb.
64.3 Action
64.3.1 Flexes the interphalangeal joint of the thumb. Continued action, flexes the metacarpophalangeal and carpometacarpal ar- ticulations.
64.4 Nerve Supply
64.4.1 Anterior interosseous branch of the median, C8, T1.
64.5 Synergists
64.5.1 Flexor pollicis brevis, adductor pollicis.
64.6 Category
64.6.1
64.7 View
64.7.1
Anterior View
65 FRONTALIS (EPICRANIUS)
65.1 Origin
65.1.1 No bony origin, but arises from the epicranial aponeurosis (galea aponeurilica), anterior to the coronal suture.
65.2 Insertion
65.2.1 Fib~rs ale coqtinuous with procerus, corrugiltor supercllil and orblculans oculi below and the galea aponeuntlca above.
65.3 Action
65.3.1 Elevates the eyebrows and nasal skin while simultaneously protracting the scalp.
65.4 Nerve Supply
65.4.1 Temporal branches of the facial nerve (VII).
65.5 Arterial supply
65.5.1 SuRraorbital and supratrochlear branches of the Qpl,1thalmic artery. The frontal (anterior) branch of the supertlclal temporal artery.
65.6 Synergists
65.6.1 Occipitalis.
65.7 Antagonists
65.7.1 Procerus, corrugator supercilii, and orbicularis oculi.
65.8 Category
65.8.1
66 GASTROCNEMIUS
66.1 Origin
66.1.1 LATERAL HEAD: Lateral condyle and posterior surface of femur. Capsule of knee joint.
66.1.2 MEDIAL HEAD: Medial condyle and adjacent part of femur. cap- sule of knee joint.
66.2 Insertion
66.2.1 Posterior surface of calcaneus by means of tendo calcaneus (Achilles tendon).
66.3 Action
66.3.1 Plantar flexion and inversion of the foot.
66.3.2 REVERSED ORIGIN-INSERTION ACTION: Flexes leg at the knee. Dorsiflexion of foot increases knee flexion capability.
66.4 Nerve Supply
66.4.1 Tibial, S1, 2.
66.5 Synergists
66.5.1 Soleus, plantaris, tibialis posterior, peroneus lon- gus and brevis, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus.
66.6 Category
66.6.1
66.7 View
66.7.1
Posterior
View
67 GEMELLUS INFERIOR (1 of 6 Deep Lateral Rotators of Femur)
67.1 Origin
67.1.1 Superior aspect of the ischial tuberosity.
67.2 Insertion
67.2.1 With the tendon of obturator intern us into the medial surface of the greater trochanter of the femur.
67.3 Action
67.3.1 Laterally rotates the extended thigh at the hip, can also produce horizontal extension. Abducts the flexed thigh.
67.4 Nerve Supply
67.4.1 Sacral plexus, L4, 5, S1.
67.5 Synergists
67.5.1 Piriformis, obturator externus, obturator internus, quadratus femoris, gemellus superior .
67.6 Category
67.6.1
67.7 View
67.7.1
Posterior View
68 GEMELLUS SUPERIOR (1 of 6 Deep Lateral Rotators of Femur)
68.1 Origin
68.1.1 The outer surface of the ischial spine.
68.2 Insertion
68.2.1 With the tendon of obturator internus into the medial surface of the greater trochanter of the femur.
68.3 Action
68.3.1 Laterally rotates the extended thigh at the hip, can also produce horizontal extension. Abducts the flexed thigh.
68.4 Nerve Supply
68.4.1 Sacral plexus, L5, S1, 2.
68.5 Synergists
68.5.1 Piriformis, obturator externus, obturator internus, quadratus femoris, gemellus inferior .
68.6 Category
68.6.1
68.7 View
68.7.1
Posterior View
69 GENIOGLOSSUS
69.1 Origin
69.1.1 The superior mental spines behind the mandibular symphysis, above the origin of geniohyoid.
69.2 Insertion
69.2.1 Inferior fibers: By thin aponeurosis, to the upper anterior surface of the hyoid body near the midline, a few fibers passing between hyoglossus and chondroglossus to blend with the pharyngeal middle constrictor.
69.2.2 Middle fibers: The hyodlossal membrane, which is the continuation of the lingual septum that connects the lingual root to the hyoid bone.
69.2.3 Superior fibers: The whole length of the ventral surface of the tongue, from root to apex, intermingling with the intrinsic lingual muscles.
69.3 Action
69.3.1 Forward traction of the tongue to protrude its apex from the mouth. Acting bilaterally, depresses the medial part of the tongue, making it concave from side to side.
69.4 Nerve Supply
69.4.1 Hypoglossal nerve {XII).
69.5 Arterial Supply
69.5.1 Lingual artery and its branches; dorsal lingual and sublingual rami, tonsillar rami of the facial artery.
69.6 Synergists
69.6.1 Hyoglossus and chondroglossus.
69.7 Antagonists
69.7.1 Styloglossus and palatoglossus.
69.8 Category
69.8.1
70 GENIOHYOID (SUPRAHYOID)
70.1 Origin
70.1.1 Inferior mental spine behind mandibular symphysis.
70.2 Insertion
70.2.1 Anterior aspect of the hyoid bone.
70.3 Action
70.3.1 Elevation and anterior movement of the hyoid bone. When the hyoid is fixed by contraction of infrahyoid muscles, it depresses tlie mandible.
70.4 Nerve Supply
70.4.1 Branches of Cl traveling with the hypoglossal nerve.
70.5 Arterial Supply
70.5.1 Submental branch of the facial artery, the sublingual branch of the lingual artery.
70.6 Synergists
70.6.1 For elevation of hyoid: Digastric, mylohyoid and stylohyoid.
70.6.2 For mandibular depression: Digastric and mylohyoid.
70.7 Antagonists
70.7.1 For elevation of hyoid: Sternohyoid, omohyoid and thyrohyoid.
70.7.2 For mandibular depression: Temporalis, masseter and medial pterygoid.
70.7.3 For hyoid protrusion: Stylohyoid.
70.8 Category
70.8.1
71 GLUTEUS MAXIMUS
71.1 Origin
71.1.1 Posterior gluteal line of ilium, aponeurosis of erector spinae, dorsal surface of sacrum, coccyx and sacrotuberous liga- ment.
71.2 Insertion
71.2.1 Gluteal tuberosity of femur and iliotibial tract of fascia lata.
71.3 Action
71.3.1 Extends thigh at the hip, assists in laterally rotating the thigh. The upper ':?/3 of the muscle are abductors and the lower 1/3 is inactive as an abductor or an adductor in the standing position.
71.3.2 REVERSED ORIGIN-INSERTION ACTION: When the leg is fixed as in standing, the gluteus maximus is an extensor of the pelvis on the thigh. In this case, it is a synergist to the abdominal muscles.
71.4 Nerve Supply
71.4.1 Inferior gluteal, L5, 51, 2.
71.5 Synergists
71.5.1 Hamstrings which are placed at a disadvantage by knee flexion.
71.6 Category
71.6.1
71.7 View
71.7.1
Posterior
View
72 GLUTEUS MEDIUS
72.1 Origin
72.1.1 Outer surface of ilium from iliac crest and posterior gluteal line above to the anterior gluteal line below, gluteal aponeurosis.
72.2 Insertion
72.2.1 Lateral surface of greater trochanter.
72.3 Action
72.3.1 Abducts femur at the hip and rotates it medially. Possible lateral rotation. With gluteus minimus is major lateral pelvic stabi- lizer. Aids in early activity of hip flexion.
72.4 Nerve Supply
72.4.1 Superior gluteal, L5, 51.
72.5 Synergists
72.5.1 Gluteus minimus, tensor fasciae latae, upper '2/3 of gluteus maximus.
72.6 Category
72.6.1
72.7 View
72.7.1
Lateral View
73 GLUTEUS MINIMUS ANT & POST
73.1 Origin
73.1.1 Outer surface of ilium between anterior and inferior gluteal lines and margin of greater sciatic notch.
73.2 Insertion
73.2.1 Anterior border of greater trochanter.
73.3 Action
73.3.1 Abducts femur at the hip and rotates it medially. Lateral pelvic stabilizer. Aids in early activity of hip flexion
73.4 Nerve Supply
73.4.1 Superior gluteal, L5, S1.
73.5 Synergists
73.5.1 Gluteus medius, tensor fasciae latae, upper ';/3 of gluteus maximus.
73.6 Category
73.6.1
73.7 View
73.7.1
Lateral View
74 GRACILIS
74.1 Origin
74.1.1 Anterior aspect of lower 1/2 of symphysis pubis and medial margin of inferior ramus of pubis.
74.2 Insertion
74.2.1 Anterior and medial surface of the shaft of the tibia just below the condyle.
74.3 Action
74.3.1 Adducts and medially rotates thigh. Flexes and medially rotates leg.
74.3.2 REVERSED ORIGIN-INSERTION ACTION: When the thigh is fixed, flexes the pelvis at hip.
74.4 Nerve Supply
74.4.1 Obturator, L2, 3.
74.5 Synergists
74.5.1 Adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor mag- nus, pectineus.
74.6 Category
74.6.1
74.7 View
74.7.1
Anterior View
75 HYOGLOSSUS
75.1 Origin
75.1.1 The whole length of the greater cornu and the front of the body of the hyoid bone.
75.2 Insertion
75.2.1 The side of the tongue between the styloglossus laterally and the inferior lingualis muscle medially.
75.3 Action
75.3.1 Depresses the tongue.
75.4 Nerve Supply
75.4.1 Hypoglossal nerve (XII).
75.5 Arterial Supply
75.5.1 Lingual artery and it's dorsal lingual rami.
75.5.2 Tonsillar rami of the facial-artery.
75.6 Synergists
75.6.1 Chondroglossus. Also the genioglossus when it contracts bilaterally.
75.7 Antagonists
75.7.1 Styloglossus and palatoglossus.
75.8 Category
75.8.1
75.9 View
75.9.1
(Note: Styloid process and mastoid portion of temporal bone are
superimposed.)
76 ILIACUS
76.1 Origin
76.1.1 Superior ;?/3 of the iliac fossa, internal border (inner lip) of iliac crest, anterior sacroiliac, lumbosacral and iliolumbar liga- ments, ala of sacrum.
76.2 Insertion
76.2.1 Lesser trochanter of femur and for a short distance below along medial border of shaft.
76.3 Action
76.3.1 Flexes thigh at the hip, minimal action in lateral rotation of the thigh.
76.3.2 REVERSED ORIGIN-INSERTION ACTION: When the thigh is fixed, the iliacus muscle flexes the pelvis on the thigh, as in rising to a sitting position from the supine position (sit up).
76.4 Nerve Supply
76.4.1 Femoral, L2, 3.
76.5 Synergists
76.5.1 Psoas major, adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, rectus femoris.
76.6 Category
76.6.1
76.7 View
76.7.1
Anterior
View
77 ILIOCOSTALIS CERVICIS
77.1 Origin
77.1.1 Superior borders of the angles of the 3rd -6th ribs.
77.2 Insertion
77.2.1 The posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the 4th, 5th and 6th cervical vertebrae.
77.3 Action
77.3.1 Acting bilaterally, extension of the spine. Acting unilaterally, laterally flexes the vertebral column.
77.4 Nerve Supply
77.4.1 Dorsal rami of the spinal nerves, C6, 7, 8.
77.5 Synergists
77.5.1 Splenius cervicis, semispinalis cervicis, longis- simus cervicis.
77.6 Category
77.6.1
77.7 View
77.7.1
Posterior View
78 ILIOCOSTALIS LUMBORUM
78.1 Origin
78.1.1 Anterior surface of a broad and thick tendon which originates from the sacrum, spinous processes of the lumbar and 11th and 12th thoracic vertebrae, and from the medial lip of the iliac crest.
78.2 Insertion
78.2.1 Inferior borders of the angles of the lower 6 or 7 ribs.
78.3 Action
78.3.1 Acting bilaterally, extension of the spine, Acting unilaterally, laterally flexes the spine.
78.4 Nerve Supply
78.4.1 Dorsal rami of the spinal nerves.
78.5 Synergists
78.5.1 Longissimus thoracis, quadratus lumborum.
78.6 Category
78.6.1
78.7 View
78.7.1
Posterior View
79 ILIOCOSTALIS THORACIS
79.1 Origin
79.1.1 Superior borders of the angles of lower 6 ribs medial to the tendons of insertion of the iliocostalis lumborum.
79.2 Insertion
79.2.1 Into the angles of the upper 6 or 7 ribs and into the transverse process of the 7th cervical vertebra.
79.3 Action
79.3.1 Acting bilaterally, extension of the spine. Acting unilaterally, laterally flexes the spine.
79.4 Nerve Supply
79.4.1 Dorsal rami of the spinal nerves.
79.5 Synergists
79.5.1 Iliocostalis lumborum, longissimus thoracis, spinalis thoracis, semispinalis thoracis.
79.6 Category
79.6.1
79.7 View
79.7.1
Posterior View
80 INCISIVUS LABII INFERIORIS
80.1 Origin
80.1.1 The floor of the mandibles incisive fossa, late;ral to the mentalis muscle and below the emmence of the lateral mclsor tooth.
80.2 Insertion
80.2.1 To the orbicularis oris; suRerficial fibers reach the !lPex.and body of the modiolus while deep fibers reach the base and lrlfenor cornu.
80.3 Action
80.3.1 J;\ssis~s orpicularis o.ris (par~ peripheralis inferior and par margmalis mfenor) m protrudmg the lips.
80.4 Nerve Supply
80.4.1 Inferior buccal branches of the facial nerve (VII).
80.5 Arterial Supply
80.5.1 Inferior labial branch of the facial artery and mental branch from the inferior alveolar artery.
80.6 Synergists
80.6.1 Orbicularis oris, pars peripheralis inferior and pars margmalis mfenor
80.7 Antagonist
80.7.1 Buccinator, .depr~ssor anguli oris, risorius zygomaticus major and zygomaticus mmor.
80.8 Category
80.8.1
80.9 Note
80.9.1
( .denotes modiolus)
81 INCISIVUS LABII SUPERIORIS
81.1 Origin
81.1.1 Maxilla's incisive fossa superior to the eminence of the lateral incisor tooth.
81.2 Insertion
81.2.1 To the orbicularis oris; superficial fibers partly blend with levator ang1l;li oris and to the intermediate and apical modiolar zones. The deep fibers pass to the superior cornu and oasis moduli.
81.3 Action
81.3.1 Assists orbicularis oris (oars peripheralis superior and par marginalis superior) protrude the lips.
81.4 Nerve Supply
81.4.1 Superior buccal branches of the facial nerve (VII).
81.5 Arterial Supply
81.5.1 Superior labial branch of the facial artery.
81.6 Synergists
81.6.1 9rbicularis oris; pars peripheralis superior and par margmalts superIor.
81.7 Antagonists
81.7.1 Buccinator, zygomaticus major and minor, risorius, and depressor anguli oris.
81.8 Category
81.8.1
81.9 Note
81.9.1
( .denotes modiolus)
82 INFERIOR LONGITUDINAL LINGUALIS
82.1 Origin
82.1.1 The lin~al root with some fibres being connected to the body of the hyOId bone.
82.2 Insertion
82.2.1 Apex of the tongue.
82.3 Action
82.3.1 Shortens the and turns the apex and sides downward to make the dorsum convex.
82.4 Nerve Supply
82.4.1 Hypoglossal nerve (XII).
82.5 Arterial Supply
82.5.1 Lingual artery and its branches; dorsal lingual and sublingual rami.
82.6 Synergists
82.6.1 For shortening the tongue: Superior lingualis.
82.7 Antagonist
82.7.1 For depressing the apex and sides: Superior lingualis.
82.8 Category
82.8.1
83 INFERIOR OBLIQUE
83.1 Origin
83.1.1 The orbital surface of the maxilla lateral to the nasolacrimal groove.
83.2 Insertion
83.2.1 To the sclera behind the equator into the posterolateral quadrant of the globe between the inferior and lateral recti.
83.3 Action
83.3.1 Depresses the posterior aspect of the eye, hence, rotates the visual axis upwards (elevation) and laterally (abduction). In the anteroposterior axis it extorts the eye.
83.4 Nerve Supply
83.4.1 Branch from the inferior division of the oculomotor nerve (III).
83.5 Arterial Supply
83.5.1 A branch from the infraorbital artery.
83.6 Synergists
83.6.1 Vertical axis: Lateral rectus and superior oblique.
83.6.2 Transverse axis: Superior rectus.
83.6.3 Anteroposterior axis: Inferior rectus.
83.7 Antagonists
83.7.1 Vertical axis: Medial rectus, superior rectus, and inferior rectus.
83.7.2 Transverse axis: Superior oblique and inferior rectus.
83.7.3 Anteroposterior axis: Superior oblique and superior ltL-t .rectus.
83.8 Category
83.8.1
83.9 Note
83.9.1
(Note: All six extraocular muscles are involved, and act in
concert during an eye movement; synergists and antagonists depend on the
fIXation poin~ of the eye prior to movement.) O J
84 INFERIOR PHARYNGEAL CONSTRICTOR
84.1 Origin/Insertion
84.1.1 Anterior attachment:
84.1.1.1 Cricopha:ryngeal part: Side of the cricoid cartilage back to the inferior cornu of the thyroid cartilage.
84.1.1.2 Thyropharyngeus part: Oblique line of the thyroid lamina and a tendinous band behind this to the inferior thyroid tubercle.. the superior aspect of the cricoid cartilage and tne inferior cornu of the thyroid cartilage.
84.1.2 Posterior attachment:
84.1.2.1 Inferior fibres: Blend with the cricular esophageal fibers.
84.1.2.2 Middle fibres: Posterior median pharyngeal raphe.
84.1.2.3 Superior fibres: Median pharyngeal raphe, overlapping the middle pnaryngeal constrictor.
84.2 Action
84.2.1 General sphincteric and peristaltic action during swalloWIng.
84.3 Nerve Supply
84.3.1 Pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve (X), with filaments fromthe cra.nia1 accessory I;lerve tpat pass through the pharyngeal plexus. CrIcopharyngeus IS also mnervate;d by recurrent laryngeal and externarbranch of the superIor laryngeal nerves.
84.4 Arterial Supply
84.4.1 Branches from the superior thyroid artery and pharyngeal branches from the inferior thyroid artery.
84.5 Synergists
84.5.1 Superior and middle pharyngeal constrictors.
84.6 Antagonist
84.6.1 None
84.7 Category
84.7.1
85 INFERIOR RECTUS
85.1 Origin
85.1.1 inferior margin of optic canal on common annular tendon.
85.2 Insertion
85.2.1 Anteroinferior margin of the eye into the sclera about 6.5 mm. posterior to the margin of the cornea.
85.3 Action
85.3.1 Depresses the anterior of the eye, hence, rotates the eye in the transverse axis downwards. In the vertical axis it aids in m~d!al rotation (adduction) of the eye. In the anteroposterior axlS it extorts the eye.
85.4 Nerve Supply
85.4.1 Branch from the inferior division of the oculomotor nerve (III).
85.5 Arterial Supply
85.5.1 Muscular rami of the ophthalmic artery and a branch from the infraorbital artery.
85.6 Synergists
85.6.1 Vertical axis: Medial rectus and superior rectus.
85.6.2 Transverse axis: Superior oblique.
85.6.3 Anteroposterior axis: Inferior oblique.
85.7 Antagonists
85.7.1 Vertical axis: Inferior oblique, lateral rectus and superior oblique.
85.7.2 Transverse axis: Superior rectus and inferior oblique.
85.7.3 Anteroposterior axis; Superior rectus and superior oblique.
85.8 Category
85.8.1
85.9
Note
85.9.1
{Note: All six extraocular muscles are
involved, and act in concert duri~g a.n eye .movement; syn.ergists and
anta~onists depend on the flXatlon pomt of the eye pnor to movement.)
86 INFRASPINATUS (Rotator Cuff Muscle)
86.1 Origin
86.1.1 Infraspinous fossa of scapula
86.2 Insertion
86.2.1 Posterior aspect of greater tubercle of humerus, and capsule of shoulder joint.
86.3 Action
86.3.1 Lateral rotation of humerus at the shoulder. Stabilization of the glenohumeral joint.
86.3.2 REVERSED ORIGIN- INSERTION ACTION: With the arm fixed, abducts the inferior angle of the scapula.
86.4 Nerve Supply
86.4.1 Suprascapular, C4, 5, 6.
86.5 Synergists
86.5.1 Teres minor, subscapularis, supraspinatus, del- toid.
86.6 Category
86.6.1
86.7 View
86.7.1
Posterior View
87 INTERNAL ABDOMINAL OBLIQUE (Anterior Division)
87.1 Origin
87.1.1 Lateral '.?/3 of the inquinalligament and the anterior 1/3 of the middle (or intermediate) line of the iliac crest.
87.2 Insertion
87.2.1 Crest of the pubis and the linea alba by its aponeurosis.
87.3 Action
87.3.1 Acting unilaterally, rotates the trunk to the same side, and laterally flexes the trunk toward the side of muscle contraction. Acting bilaterally, flexes the vertebral column, approximating the anterior thorax and pelvis. Supports and compresses the ab- dominal viscera. Assists in forced expiration.
87.4 Nerve Supply
87.4.1 Ventral rami of T7 -12, and iliohypogastric and ilioinquinal nerves, L 1.
87.5 Synergists
87.5.1 Opposite external oblique, rectus abdominis.
87.6 Category
87.6.1
87.7 View
87.7.1 Lateral View
88 INTERNAL ABDOMINAL OBLIQUE (Lateral Division)
88.1 Origin
88.1.1 Middle 1/3 of the iliac crest on the middle line and thoraco lumbar fascia.
88.2 Insertion
88.2.1 Inferior borders of the 1Oth, 11th and 12th ribs.
88.3 Action
88.3.1 Acting unilaterally, approximates thorax and pelvis laterally. Contributes to rotation of the trunk on the fixed pelvis toward the side of contraction.
88.3.2 Acting bilaterally, flexes the trunk on the pelvis.
88.4 Nerve Supply
88.4.1 Ventral rami of T7 -12, and iliohypogastric and ilioinquinal nerves, L 1.
88.5 Synergists
88.5.1 : Internal oblique (anterior division, contralateral ex- ternal oblique, rectus abdominis.
88.6 Category
88.6.1
88.7 View
88.7.1
Lateral View
89 INTERNAL INTERCOSTALS
89.1 Origin
89.1.1 Superior border of rib below.
89.2 Insertion
89.2.1 Inferior border of rib above.
89.3 Action
89.3.1 Depress the ribs during expiration.
89.4 Nerve Supply
89.4.1 Branches from corresponding intercostal nerves.
89.5 Synergists
89.5.1 Serratus posterior inferior. Quadratus lumborum.
89.6 Category
89.6.1
89.7 View
89.7.1
Lateral View
90 INTERSPINALES
90.1 Origin and Insertion
90.1.1 Pairs of small muscles joining the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae, one on each side of the interspinous ligament. Continuous in the cervical region extending from the axis to the 2nd thoracic vertebra and in the lumbar region from the first lumbar vertebra to the sacrum.
90.2 Action
90.2.1 Extension of the spine.
90.3 Nerve Supply
90.3.1 Dorsal rami of the spinal nerves.
90.4 Synergists
90.4.1 Multifidus rotatores, intertransversarii groups.
90.5 Category
90.5.1
90.6 View
90.6.1
Posterlor an tera lew
91 INTERTRANSVERSARII
91.1 Origin and Insertion
91.1.1 Pairs of small muscles, anterior and posterior, on each side of the spine joining the transverse proces- ses of adjacent vertebrae. They extend from the atlas to the first thoracic vertebra and from the 10th thoracic vertebra to the last lumbar vertebra.
91.2 Action
91.2.1 Acting unilaterally, lateral flexion of the spine.
91.3 Nerve Supply
91.3.1 Ventral and dorsal rami of the spinal nerves.
91.4 Synergists
91.4.1 Interspinales, rotatores, multifidus groups.
91.5 Category
91.5.1
91.6 View
91.6.1
Posterior
View
92 INTRINSIC AURICULAR MUSCLES
92.1 Origin
92.1.1 Helicis major: Spine of helix.
92.1.2 Helicis minor: Cavum conchae.
92.1.3 Tragicus: Superolateral aspect of the tragus.
92.1.4 Antitragicus: Outer part of the antitragus prominence.
92.1.5 Transverse auriculae: Eminentia conchae on the cranial aspect of the auricle.
92.1.6 Obliquus auriculae: Upper and posterior parts of the eminentia conchae on the cranial aspect of the auricle.
92.2 Insertion
92.2.1 Helicis major: The anterior border of the helix, where the helixis about to cUlVe back.
92.2.2 Helicis minor: The crus of commencement of the helix.
92.2.3 Tragicus: Inferolateral aspect of the tragus.
92.2.4 Antitragicus: The tail of the helix and the antihelix.
92.2.5 Transverse auriculae: Eminentia scaphae on the cranial aspect of the auricle.
92.2.6 G Obliquus auriculae: Eminentia triangularis on the J O .cranial aspect of the auricle.
92.3 Action
92.3.1 Minimal action in man.
92.4 Nerve Supply
92.4.1 Lateral surface muscles; temporal branch of the facial nerve (VII).
92.4.2 Cranial surface muscles; posterior auricular branch of the facial nerve (VII).
92.5 Arterial Supply
92.5.1 Auric.ular rami from the.poster.ior auricular branch of the external carotid artery, the antenor auncular branches of the superficial tempora1 artery, and auricular branch from the occipital artery.
92.6 Synergists
92.6.1
92.7 Category
92.7.1
93 ISCHIOCAVERNOSUS
93.1 Origin
93.1.1
93.2 Insertion
93.2.1
93.3 Action
93.3.1
93.4 Nerve Supply
93.4.1
93.5 Synergists
93.5.1
93.6 Category
93.6.1
94 LATERAL CRICOARYTENOID
94.1 Origin
94.1.1 Uppelborder~fthe cricoid arch.
94.2 Insertion
94.2.1 Ape;x of the af..Y.tenoid muscular process, just lateral to the posterIor crIcoarytenoIds attachments.
94.3 Action
94.3.1 Rotates the arytenoid, thus closing the attached vocal folds (adductor of vocal cords).
94.4 Nerve Supply
94.4.1 Recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve (X)
94.5 Arterial Supply
94.5.1 Superior laryngeal branch of the suRerior thyroid artery and the inferior laryngeal branch of the inferior thyroId artery
94.6 Synergists
94.6.1 Transverse arytenoids
94.7 Antagonist
94.7.1 Posterior cricoarytenoid
94.8 Category
94.8.1
95 LATERAL PTERYGOID
95.1 Origin
95.1.1 Upper head: Infratemporal crest and lateral surface of tlie greater wing of the sphenoid
95.1.2 Lower head: Lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate
95.2 Insertion
95.2.1 The depression on the anterior aspect of the m,andibular neck (pteryg9id fo,:e~) and to the articular capsule and dISC of the temporomanQlbular JOInt
95.3 Action
95.3.1 Aids in opening the jaw; protrudes the mandible; moves mandible from side to sIde
95.3.2 Acting with thy ipsilateral medial pterygoId It rotates the mandIble on a vertIcal axIS
95.4 Nerve Supply
95.4.1 Branches from the anterior trunk of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (V3)
95.5 Arterial Supply
95.5.1 Lateral pterygoid branch of the maxillary artery, a,nd for the upper head, the accessory meningeal branch of the maxIllary artery
95.6 Synergists
95.6.1 For opening the jaw: Digastric, mylohyoid and geniohyoid when infrahyoid muscles contract to fix fiyoid Done, and platysma
95.6.2 For protrusion: Medial pterygoids. For side-to-side: Masseter
95.7 Antagonists
95.7.1 For opening the jaw: The anterior fibers of the temporalis, the masseter and medial pterygoids
95.7.2 For protrusion: The posterior fibers of the temporalis
95.8 Category
95.8.1
96 LATERAL RECTUS
96.1 Origin
96.1.1 Inferolateral margin of the optic canal on the common annular tendon with a small tendinous slip attached to the orbital surface of the greater wing of the sphenoid, lateral to the annulus
96.2 Insertion
96.2.1 Lateral margin of the eye into the sclera about 6.9 mm posterior to the margin of the cornea
96.3 Action
96.3.1 In the vertical axis it laterally rotates (abducts) the eye
96.4 Nerve Supply
96.4.1 Abducent nerve (VI)
96.5 Arterial Supply
96.5.1 Muscular rami from the lacrimal branch of the ophthalmic artery
96.6 Synergists
96.6.1 Superior and inferior oblique
96.7 Antagonists
96.7.1 Medial rectus, inferior rectus and superior rectus
96.8 Category
96.8.1
96.9 Note
96.9.1
(No.te: All six extraocular muscles,are involved, an~ act in
concert dun~g a.n. eye,movement; syn,erglsts and anta~ornsts depend on the
flXatlon pomt of the eye pnor to movement.)
97 LATISSIMUS DORSI
97.1 Origin
97.1.1 Broad aponeurosis that originates on the spinous proces- ses of lower 6 thoracic and all lumbar vertebrae; posterior crest of ilium, posterior surface of sacrum, lower 3 or 4 ribs, and an attachment to the inferior angle of the scapula
97.2 Insertion
97.2.1 Flat tendon that twists upon itself to insert into the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus, just anterior to and parallel with tendon of pectoralis major
97.3 Action
97.3.1 Extends, retracts and medially rotates the humerus at the shoulder. Through its action on the humerus it depresses, retracts and rotates the scapula downwards. Assists in forced expiration
97.4 Nerve Supply
97.4.1 Thoracodorsal from brachial plexus, C6, 7, 8
97.5 Synergists
97.5.1 Rhomboids, pectoralis major, teres major
97.6 Category
97.6.1
97.7 View
97.7.1
Posterior View
98 LEVATOR ANGULI ORIS(CANINUS)
98.1 Origin
98.1.1 The canine fossa below the infraorbital foramen
98.2 Insertion
98.2.1 The modiolus at the angle of the mouth, min.e;lingwith the zygomaticus major, depressor ang\l;li oris, and of orbicularIs oris. Some superficial fi5ers atfach to the floor of the lower part of the nasolabiarfurrow
98.3 Action
98.3.1 Raises the angle of the mouth. Fixes the modiolus
98.4 Nerve Supply
98.4.1 Superior buccal branches of the facial ne1Ve (VII)
98.5 Arterial
Supply
98.5.1 Branches from facial and infra-orbital arteries
98.6 Synergists
98.6.1 For elevation of the modiolus: Zygomaticus major
98.6.2 For elevation of buccal angle: Lateral slip of levator labii superioris alaC?que nasi, levator labii superioris and zygomatIcus mInor
98.7 Antagonists
98.7.1 Depressor anguli oris, platysma and orbicularis OrIs
98.8 Category
98.8.1
98.9 Note
98.9.1
( .denotes modiolus)
99 LEVATOR ANI, ILIAC PART(ILIOCOCCYGEUS)
99.1 Origin
99.1.1
99.2 Insertion
99.2.1
99.3 Action
99.3.1
99.4 Nerve Supply
99.4.1
99.5 Synergists
99.5.1
99.6 Category
99.6.1
100 LEVATOR ANI, PUBIC PART(PUBOCOCCYGEUS)
100.1 Origin
100.1.1
100.2 Insertion
100.2.1
100.3 Action
100.3.1
100.4 Nerve Supply
100.4.1
100.5 Synergists
100.5.1
100.6 Category
100.6.1
101 LEVATOR LABII SUPERIORIS
101.1 Origin
101.1.1 The inferior orbital mar.e;in on both the maxilla and zygomatic bones above the infraorbital foramen
101.2 Insertion
101.2.1 The upper lip between the lateral slip of levator labii superioris alaequ.e n.asi and zygomaticus minor. Also, superficial to the levator anguli OrIS
101.3 Action
101.3.1 Elevates and everts the upper lip
101.4 Nerve Supply
101.4.1 Superior buccal branches of the facial nerve (VII)
101.5 Arterial Supply
101.5.1 Branches from infraorbital artery, branches from the facial and transverse facial arteries
101.6 Synergists
101.6.1 Lateral slip of levator labii superioris alaeque nasi, levator anguli oris and zygomaticus major and minor
101.7 Antagonists
101.7.1 Depressor anguli oris and orbicularis oris
101.8 Category
101.8.1
102 LEVATOR LABII SUPERIORIS ALAEQUE NASI
102.1 Origin
102.1.1 Upper part of the frontal process of the maxillary bone
102.2 Insertion
102.2.1 Medial slip: The greater alar cartilage and skin of nose
102.2.2 Lateral slip: Inserts into the lip blending with the orbicularis oris and levator labii superioris
102.3 Action
102.3.1 Medial slip: Dilates the nostril; displaces laterally the curvature of the inferolateral convex circumalar furrow
102.3.2 Lateral slip: Raises and everts the upper lip. Raises the curvature of the nasolabial furrows superior part (direct labial tractor)
102.4 Nerve Supply
102.4.1 Superior buccal branches of the facial nerve (VII)
102.5 Arterial Supply
102.5.1 Lateral nasal branch from the facial artery, !lIar bra~ches from the superior labial artery and rami from tlie Infraorbital artery
102.6 Synergists
102.6.1 Medial slip: Dilator nasi
102.6.2 Latera.1 slip: Levator labii sll;pet:ioris, zygomaticus major and mmor and levator anguh OrIs
102.7 Antagonsts
102.7.1 Depressor anguli oris and orbicularis oris
102.8 Category
102.8.1
103 LEVATOR PALPEBRAE SUPERIORIS
103.1 Origin
103.1.1
103.2 Insertion
103.2.1
103.3 Action
103.3.1
103.4 Nerve Supply
103.4.1
103.5 Synergists
103.5.1
103.6 Category
103.6.1 Eye Ball & Facial Expression
104 LEVATOR SCAPULAE
104.1 Origin
104.1.1 Transverse processes of first four cervical vertebrae
104.2 Insertion
104.2.1 Vertebral border of scapula between superior angle and scapular spine
104.3 Action
104.3.1 Elevates the scapula and rotates the scapula downwards so the glenoid cavity faces inferiorly. Working with the upper trapezius, elevates and retracts the scapula
104.3.2 REVERSED ORIGIN-INSERTION ACTION: When scapula is fixed, laterally flexes and slightly rotates cervical spine to the same side
104.4 Nerve Supply
104.4.1 Dorsal scapular C5, and ventral rami of C3, 4
104.5 Synergists
104.5.1 Rhomboids and trapezius
104.6 Category
104.6.1
104.7 View
104.7.1 Posterior
View
105 LEVATOR VELI PALATINI
105.1 Origin
105.1.1 The inferior surface of the apex of the petrous part of the temporal bone, the uEPer part of the carotid sheath, and the inferior aspect of the cartIlaginous part of the auditory tube
105.2 Insertion
105.2.1 Blends in the soft palate and palatine aponeurosis with it's opposite between the two strands of the palatopharyngeus muscle
105.3 Action
105.3.1 Elevates the soft palate, closing off the passage between the nasopharynx and oropharynx
105.4 Nerve Supply
105.4.1 Pharyngeal branch of the vagus (X), with the filaments chiefly from the cranial accessory nerve that pass through the pharyngeal plexus
105.5 Arterial Supply
105.5.1 Greater palatine branch of the maxillary artery, the ascending palatine branch of the facial artery, a variable ramus from tne ascending pharyngeaL artery
105.5.2
105.6 Synergists
105.6.1 None
105.7 Antagonist
105.7.1 None
105.8 Category
105.8.1
105.9 View
105.9.1
(Note: The maxillary artery is cut.)
106 LEVATORES COSTARUM BREVES
106.1 Origin
106.1.1 Transverse processes of the 7th cervical and upper 11 thoracic vertebrae
106.2 Insertion
106.2.1 The outer surface of the rib immediately below the vertebra from which it takes origin, between the tubercle and the angle
106.3 Action
106.3.1 Elevate the ribs during inspiration. Extend the vertebral column, bend it laterally and rotate it slightly toward the opposite side
106.4 Nerve Supply
106.4.1 From the corresponding thoracic dorsal rami lateral branches
106.5 Synergists
106.5.1 External intercostals
106.5.2 Serratus posterior superior
106.5.3 Internal intercostals
106.6 Category
106.6.1
106.7 View
106.7.1 Posterior
View
107 LEVATORES COSTARUM LONGI
107.1 Origin
107.1.1 Transverse processes of the 7th -1Oth thoracic vertebrae
107.2 Insertion
107.2.1 The outer surface of the 2nd rib below its origin, between the tubercle and the angle
107.3 Action
107.3.1 Elevate the ribs during inspiration. Extend the vertebral column, bend it laterally and rotate it slightly toward the opposite side
107.4 Nerve Supply
107.4.1 From the corresponding thoracic dorsal rami lateral branches
107.5 Synergists
107.5.1 External intercostals, internal intercostals, levator costarum brevis
107.6 Category
107.6.1
107.7 View
107.7.1 Posterior
View
108 LONGISSIMUS CAPITIS
108.1 Origin
108.1.1 Transverse processes of the 1st -Sth thoracic vertebrae and the articular processes of the 4th -7th cervical vertebrae
108.2 Insertion
108.2.1 The posterior margin of the mastoid process
108.3 Action
108.3.1 Acting bilaterally, extends the head; acting unilaterally, laterally flexes and rotates the head to the same side
108.4 Nerve Supply
108.4.1 Dorsal rami of the spinal nerves
108.5 Synergists
108.5.1 Semispinalis capitis, spinalis capitis, longissimus cervicis
108.6 Category
108.6.1
108.7 View
108.7.1 Posterior
View
109 LONGISSIMUS CERVICIS
109.1 Origin
109.1.1 Transverse processes of the 1 st -Sth thoracic vertebrae
109.2 Insertion
109.2.1 Transverse processes of the 2nd -6th cervical ver- tebrae and sometimes to the atlas transverse process
109.3 Action
109.3.1 Acting unilaterally, laterally flexes the neck
109.3.2 Acting bilaterally, extension of the neck
109.4 Nerve Supply
109.4.1 Dorsal rami of the spinal nerves
109.5 Synergists
109.5.1 Semispinalis capitis
109.5.2 Semispinalis cervicis
109.5.3 Iliocos- talis cervicis
109.5.4 Longissimus cervicis
109.5.5 Longissimus capitis
109.5.6 Spinalis cervicis
109.5.7 Deep posterior spinal group
109.6 Category
109.6.1
109.7 View
109.7.1 Posterior View
110 LONGISSIMUS THORACIS
110.1 Origin
110.1.1 The common broad thick tendon with the iliocostalis lumborum, fibers from the transverse and accessory processes of the lumbar vertebrae and thoracolumbar fascia
110.2 Insertion
110.2.1 The tips of transverse process of all thoracic ver- tebrae and the lower 9 or 10 ribs between the tubercles and angles
110.3 Action
110.3.1 Acting unilaterally, laterally flexes the vertebral column.
110.3.2 Acting bilaterally, extension of vertebral column; draws ribs down
110.4 Nerve Supply
110.4.1 Dorsal rami of the spinal nerves
110.5 Synergists
110.5.1 : Iliocostalis lumborum, iliocostalis thoracis, quad- ratus lumborum
110.6 Category
110.6.1
110.7 View
110.7.1 Posterior
View
111 LONGUS CAPITIS
111.1 Origin
111.1.1 Anterior tubercles of transverse processes of the 3rd -6th cervical vertebrae
111.2 Insertion
111.2.1 Inferior surface of the basilar portion of the occipital bone
111.3 Action
111.3.1 Acting bilaterally, flexes cervical vertebrae and head.
111.3.2 Acting unilaterally, rotates and laterally flexes cervical vertebrae and head to the same side
111.4 Nerve Supply
111.4.1 Ventral rami of C1, 2, 3
111.5 Synergists
111.5.1 : Longus colli, sternocleidomastoid, scalenus group, suprahyoid, infrahyoid and the platysma
111.6 Category
111.6.1
111.7 View
111.7.1 Anterior View
112 LONGUS CAPITIS ANTERIOR
112.1 Origin
112.1.1
112.2 Insertion
112.2.1
112.3 Action
112.3.1
112.4 Nerve Supply
112.4.1
112.5 Synergists
112.5.1
112.6 Category
112.6.1
113 LONGUS COLLI
113.1 Origin
113.1.1 INFERIOR OBLIQUE PART: Ist, 2nd or 3rd thoracic vertebral bodies
113.1.2 SUPERIOR OBLIQUE PART: Anterior tubercles of 3rd, 4th and Sth cervical transverse processes
113.1.3 VERTICAL PART: Anterior aspects of the Sth, 6th and 7th cervical and 1st, 2nd and 3rd thoracic vertebral bodies
113.2 Insertion
113.2.1 INFERIOR OBLIQUE PART: Anterior tubercles of the Sth, 6th or 7th cervical transverse processes
113.2.2 SUPERIOR OBLIQUE PART: Anterolateral surface of the atlanta anterior tubercle, anterior tubercle
113.2.3 VERTICAL PART: Anterior aspects of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th cervi- cal vertebral bodies
113.3 Action
113.3.1 Acting bilaterally, flexes cervical vertebrae. Acting unilaterally, assists in rotation to opposite side and lateral flexion
113.4 Nerve Supply
113.4.1 Ventral rami of C2 -6
113.5 Synergists
113.5.1 Scalenus group, sternocleidomastoid, longus capitis, suprahyoid, infrahyoid and the platysma
113.6 Category
113.6.1
113.7 View
113.7.1
Anterior View
114 LUMBRICALS (FOOT)
114.1 Origin
114.1.1 From two adjacent tendons of the flexor digitorum lon- gus, except the first, which arises from the medial side of the first tendon of the flexor digitorum longus
114.2 Insertion
114.2.1 On the medial side of the proximal phalanx, into the dorsal expansions of the tendons to the extensor digitorum longus of the 2nd .Sth toes
114.3 Action
114.3.1 Extends interphalangeal joints and assists in flexing metatarsalphalangeal joints of the 2nd .Sth toes
114.4 Nerve Supply
114.4.1 1st lumbricale: medial plantar, S2, 3. 2nd, 3rd, 4th lumbricales: lateral plantar, 82, 3
114.5 Synergists
114.5.1 Flexor digitorum brevis and longus for the metatar- sophalangeal articulation, extensor digitorum longus and brevis for the extensor function; dorsal and plantar interossei
114.6 Category
114.6.1
114.7 View
114.7.1
Plantar View (2nd Plantar Layer)
115 LUMBRICALS (HAND)
115.1 Origin
115.1.1 Tendons of flexor digitorum profundus in center of palm
115.2 Insertion
115.2.1 Around the radial side of the metacarpal bone and into the extensor expansion
115.3 Action
115.3.1 Principal extensors of the interphalangeal joints. Weak flexor of the metacarpophalangeal joints
115.4 Nerve Supply
115.4.1 1 st and 2nd lumbricals from 3rd and 4th palmar digital branches of the median nerve. 3rd and 4th lumbricals from deep branch of the ulnar nerve, C8, T1
115.5 Synergists
115.5.1 Dorsal interossei, palmar interossei, flexor digitorum profundus, flexor digitorum superficialis
115.6 Category
115.6.1
115.7 View
115.7.1
Anterior
View
116 MASSETER
116.1 Origin
116.1.1 Superficial layer: Zygomatic process of the maxillary bone and the anterior 2/3 of tlle inferior border of the zygomatic arch
116.1.2 Dee-p layer: Posterior li3 of inferior border and medial surface of zygomatic arch
116.2 Insertion
116.2.1 Superficial layer: Angle of mandible (continuous with medial pte.rygoid) ana lower posterior 1/2 of the lateral surface of ItS ramus
116.2.2 Deep layer: Upper part of the mandibular ramus and lateral surface of coronoid process
116.3 Action
116.3.1 Closes jaw, forms mandibular sling with the medial pterygoid.
116.3.2 Minimal action in side-to-side, protraction and retraction movements
116.4 Nerve Supply
116.4.1 Masseteric branch from the anterior trunk of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (V3)
116.5 Arterial Supply
116.5.1 Masseteric branch of maxillary artery and branches froth the facial and transverse facial arteries
116.6 Synergists
116.6.1 The masseter and medial pterygoid act together forming the mandibular sling. Temporalis muscle
116.7 Antagonists
116.7.1 Digastric, mylohyoid and geniohyoid when InfrahyoId muscles contract to flX hyoId bone
116.8 Category
116.8.1
117 MEDIAL PTERYGOID
117.1 Origin
117.1.1 Deep attachments
117.1.1.1 Medial aspect of the lateral pterygoid plate an<;l gI:ooved surface of the pyra~idal process of the palatine bone
117.1.2 Superficial attachment
117.1.2.1 Lateral surfaces of the pyra.midal proce.ss of the palatine bone and the maxIllary tuDeroslty
117.2 Insertion
117.2.1 A strong tendinous lamina inferoposterior to the medial surfaces of the mandibular ramus and angle
117.3 Action
117.3.1 Closes the jaw. Forms mandibular slinK with masseter muscle. Acting with tile ipsilateral lateral pterygoid, it rotates the mandible to the opposite slGe
117.4 Nerve Supply
117.4.1 Branches from the anterior trunk of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (V3)
117.5 Arterial Supply
117.5.1 Branches from maxillary artery; Medial pterygoid artery and accessory meningeal artery
117.6 Synergists
117.6.1 For closing the jaw; Masseter and anterior fibers of temporahs
117.7 Antagonists
117.7.1 For closing the jaw; Mylohyoid, digastric and geniohyoid when infrahyoid muscles contract to fix hyoidDone
117.8 Category
117.8.1
117.9 View
117.9.1
(Note: Zygomatic bone and ramus of mandible have been removed).
118 MEDIAL RECTUS
118.1 Origin
118.1.1 Superomedial, medial and inferomedial margins of the optic canal on the common annular tendon
118.2 Insertion
118.2.1 Anteromedial margin of the eye into the sclera about 5.5 mm posterior to the margIn of the cornea
118.3 Action
118.3.1 In the vertical axis it medially rotates (adducts) the eye
118.4 Nerve Supply
118.4.1 Branch from the inferior division of the oculomotor nerve (III)
118.5 Arterial Supply
118.5.1 Muscular rami from the ophthalmic branch of the internal carotid artery
118.6 Synergists
118.6.1 Superior and inferior rectus
118.7 Antagonists
118.7.1 Lateral rectus, superior and inferior oblique
118.8 Category
118.8.1
118.9
118.9.1
(Note: All six extraocular muscles are involved, and act in
concert during an eye movement; synergists and antagonists depend on the
fIXation point of the eye prior to movement.)
119 MENTALIS
119.1 Origin
119.1.1 From the incisive fossa of the mandible
119.2 Insertion
119.2.1 The skin of the chin
119.3 Action
119.3.1 Raises the mental tissues, mentolabial sulcus and base of the lower lip
119.4 Nerve Supply
119.4.1 Mandibular marginal branch of the facial nerve (VII)
119.5 Arterial Supply
119.5.1 Mental branch of inferior alveolar artery and inferior labial and submental branches of the facial artery
119.6 Synergists
119.6.1 Levator anguli oris and zygomaticus major
119.7 Antagonists
119.7.1 Depressor labii inferioris and depressor anguli OrIs
119.8 Category
119.8.1
120 MIDDLE PHARYNGEAL CONSTRICTOR
120.1 Origin/Insertion
120.1.1 Anterior attachments
120.1.1.1 Chondropharyngeal part: The lesser hyoid c.ornu ana the lower part of the stylohyoid ltgament
120.1.1.2 Ceratopha!'Jngeal part: The whole upI?er border of tlie greafer cornu of the hyoid bone
120.1.2 Posterior attachment
120.1.2.1 The posterior median pharypgeal raphe.
120.1.2.2 Superior:ly, fib.ers oyerlaRPing the superIor pharyngeal constrIctor; ferlorly, libers blend with the inferior pharyngeal constrictor
120.2 Action
120.2.1 General sphincteric and peristaltic action during swalloWIng
120.3 Nerve Supply
120.3.1 Pharyn~eal branch of the vagus nerve (X), with filaments from the crania1 accessory nerve thaI pass throug1i the pharyngeal plexus
120.4 Arterial Supply
120.4.1 Ascending pharyngeal artery, ascending Ralatine and tonsillar branches of the facial artery; the dorsal lingual branch of the lingual artery
120.5 Synergists
120.5.1 Inferior and superior pharyngeal constrictors
120.6 Antagonist
120.6.1 Stylopharyngeus dilates the pharynx
120.7 Category
120.7.1
121 MULTIFIDUS
121.1 Origin
121.1.1 A series of pairs of small muscles extending the full length of the spine just superlicial to the rotatores and each spanning 2 or 3 intervertebral spaces before inserting
121.1.2 Posterior surface of the sacrum, the dorsal end of the iliac crest, the mamillary and transverse processes of the lumbar and the thoracic vertebrae and the articular processes of the 4th -7th cervical vertebrae
121.2 Insertion
121.2.1 Spinous processes of all the vertebrae except the atlas
121.3 Action
121.3.1 Acting unilaterally, lateral flexion and rotation to the opposite side. Acting bilaterally, extension of the spine
121.4 Nerve Supply
121.4.1 Dorsal rami of the spinal nerves
121.5 Synergists
121.5.1 Rotatores, interspinales, intertransversarii groups
121.6 Category
121.6.1
121.7 View
121.7.1 Posterior
View
122 MUSCULUS UVULAE
122.1 Origin
122.1.1 Posterior nasal spine of the palatine bone and to the palatine aponeurosis
122.2 Insertion
122.2.1 Uvular mucosa
122.3 Action
122.3.1 Elevation and retraction of the uvula
122.4 Nerve Supply
122.4.1 Pharyngeal branch of the vagus (X), with the filaments chiefly from the cranial accessory nerve that pass through the pharyngeal plexus
122.5 Arterial Supply
122.5.1 Greater palatine branch of the maxillary artery, the ascending palatine branch of the facial artery, a variable ramus from the ascending pharyngeal artery
122.6 Synergists
122.6.1 None
122.7 Antagonist
122.7.1
122.8 Category
122.8.1
122.9 View
122.9.1
(Note: Maxillary artery is cut.)
123 MYLOHYOID (SUPRAHYOID)
123.1 Origin
123.1.1 The mylohyoid line on the mandible
123.2 Insertion
123.2.1 Posterior fibers
123.2.1.1 Anterior aspect of the hyoid body near its lower border
123.2.2 Middle and anterior fibers
123.2.2.1 Decussate in a median fibrous raphe stretching from the mandibular symphysis to the hyold,bone
123.3 Action
123.3.1 Elevation of the floor of mouth as during mastication and swallowing
123.3.2 Elevates the hyoid bone or depresses the mandible
123.4 Nerve Supply
123.4.1 Mylohyoid branch of the inferior alveolar nerve from the trigeminal nerve (V3)
123.5 Arterial Supply
123.5.1 Mylohyoid branch of the inferior alveolar artery, the submental branch of the facial artery and the sublingual brancn of the lingual artery
123.6 Synergists
123.6.1 Digastric, stylohyoid and geniohyoid
123.7
Antagonists
123.7.1 Infrahyoid muscles (sternohyoid, omohyoid, and ~ thyrohyoId)
123.8 Category
123.8.1
123.9 VIew
123.9.1
(Note: The mandible and zygomatic arch have two different sagittal
sectIons).
124 NASALIS, ALAR PORTION
124.1 Origin
124.1.1
124.2 Insertion
124.2.1
124.3 Action
124.3.1
124.4 Nerve Supply
124.4.1
124.5 Synergists
124.5.1
124.6 Category
124.6.1
125 NASALIS (COMPRESSOR & DILATOR NARIS)
125.1 Origin
125.1.1 Compressor naris
125.1.1.1 The maxilla, lateral to its incisive fossa
125.1.2 Dilator naris
125.1.2.1 The maxilla, inferomedial to and partially blended with the compressor
125.2 Insertion
125.2.1 Compressor naris
125.2.1.1 The expanded aponeurosis, contInuous with that on the opposite side, and also blends with the aponeurosis of procerus
125.2.2 Dilator naris
125.2.2.1 The cartilaginous ala nasi
125.3 Action
125.3.1 Compressor naris
125.3.1.1 Compresses the nasal aperture at the junction of the vestibule and nasal cavity
125.3.2 Dilator naris
125.3.2.1 Depresses the ala laterally, widening the anterIor nasal aperture
125.4 Nerve Supply
125.4.1 Superior buccal branches of the facial nerve(VII)
125.5 Arterial Supply
125.5.1 Lateral nasal branch of the facial and alar ram~ from t~e superior labial branch of the facial artery. Rami from the Infraorbital artery
125.6 Synergists
125.6.1 For dilation of nasal cavity; the medial slips of the labii superioris alaeque nasi, and depressor septi
125.7 Antagonist
125.7.1 None
125.8 Category
125.8.1
126 OBLIQUE ARYTENOID & ARYEPIGLOTTICUS
126.1 Origin/Insertion
126.1.1 Run obliquely from the muscular process of one ary.tenoid to the other (oblique arytenoid) and from the apex into the aryepiglottic fold (aryepiglottlcus)
126.2 Action
126.2.1 Oblique arytenoids
126.2.1.1 Adduction of the aryepiglottic fold and vocal cords, acting as a sphincter of the laryngeal inlet
126.2.2 Ary~piglotticus
126.2.2.1 Appt:oximates the arytenoid cartIIages to the epIglottIc tubercle
126.3 Nerve Supply
126.3.1 Recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve (X)
126.4 Arterial Supply
126.4.1 Superior laryngeal branch 9f th.e superi9r thyroId artery and mfenor laryngeal branch of the mfenor tfiyrold artery
126.5 Synergists
126.5.1 Transverse arytenoids
126.6
Antagonist
126.6.1 Thyroepiglottic
126.7 Category
126.7.1
127 OBLIQUUS CAPITIS INFERIOR
127.1 Origin
127.1.1 The apex of the spinous process of the axis
127.2 Insertion
127.2.1 The inferior and dorsal part of the transverse process of the atlas
127.3 Action
127.3.1 Rotates the atlas, turning the face toward the same side
127.4 Nerve Supply
127.4.1 Suboccipital nerve dorsal ramus C1
127.5 Synergists
127.5.1 Longissimus capitis, rectus capitis posterior major
127.6 Category
127.6.1
127.7 View
127.7.1 Posterior
View
128 OBLIQUUS CAPITIS SUPERIOR
128.1 Origin
128.1.1 The superior surface of the transverse process of the atlas
128.2 Insertion
128.2.1 Between the superior and inferior nuchal lines of the occipital bone, lateral to the semispinalis capitis
128.3 Action
128.3.1 Extension and lateral flexion of the head at the neck
128.4 Nerve Supply
128.4.1 Suboccipital nerve, dorsal ramus C1
128.5 Synergists
128.5.1 Rectus capitis posterior minor, rectus capitis posterior major, longissimus capitis, semispinalis capitis
128.6 Category
128.6.1
128.7 View
128.7.1 Posterior
View
129 OBTURATOR EXTERNUS (1 of 6 Deep Lateral Rotators of Femur)
129.1 Origin
129.1.1 Outer surface of obturator membrane and the margin of bone immediately around the medial side of the obturatorforamen, from the rami of the pubis and the inferior ramus of the ischium
129.2 Insertion
129.2.1 Trochanteric fossa on the medial aspect of the greater trochanter
129.3 Action
129.3.1 Lateral rotation of femur at the hip
129.4 Nerve Supply
129.4.1 Obturator, L3,4
129.5 Synergists
129.5.1 Piriformis
129.5.2 Superior and inferior gemelli
129.5.3 Obturator internus
129.5.4 Quadratus femoris
129.6 Category
129.6.1
129.7 View
129.7.1 Posterior
View
130 OBTURATOR INTERNUS (1 of 6 Deep Lateral Rotators of Femur)
130.1 Origin
130.1.1 Pelvic surface of obturator membrane and bony margin of the obturator foramen
130.2 Insertion
130.2.1 Medial surface of the greater trochanter of the femur
130.3 Action
130.3.1 Laterally rotates the extended thigh at the hip can also produce horizontal extension
130.3.2 Abducts the flexed thigh
130.4 Nerve Supply
130.4.1 Sacral plexus, L5, S1, 2
130.5 Synergists
130.5.1 Piriformis, obturator externus, quadratus femoris, superior and inferior gemelli
130.6 Category
130.6.1
130.7 View
130.7.1 Posterior
View
131 OCCIPITALIS (EPICRANIUS)
131.1 Origin
131.1.1 Lateral two thirds of the highest nuchal line of occipital bone and mastoid part of temporal bone
131.2 Insertion
131.2.1 The cranial aponeurosis, galea aponeuritica
131.3 Action
131.3.1 Retract sca1[); through the galea aponeuritica, it assists in raising the upper eyeltos
131.4 Nerve Supply
131.4.1 Occip-ital branch of the posterior auricular nerve from the facial nerve (VII)
131.5 Arterial Supply
131.5.1 Posterior auricular artery and occipital artery
131.6 Synergists
131.6.1 Frontalis
131.7 Antagonist
131.7.1 Platysma (indirectly)
131.8 Category
131.8.1
132 OMOHYOID SUPERIOR & INFERIOR (INFRAHYOID)
132.1 Origin
132.1.1 Inferior belly
132.1.1.1 Upper scapular border, near the suprascapular notch and occasIonally tlie superior transverse scapular ligament
132.1.2 Superior belly
132.1.2.1 Intermediate tendon, located near the lateral border of the sternohyoid. The intermediate tendon is attached to the clavicle and first rib by a sling of deep cervical fascia
132.2 Insertion
132.2.1 Inferior belly
132.2.1.1 Intermediate tendon, located near the lateral border of the sternohyoId
132.2.2 Su~erior belly
132.2.2.1 The lower border of the hyoid body, just lateral to the sternohyoid attachment
132.3 Action
132.3.1 Both bellies lowers the hyoid after it has been raised
132.4 Nerve Supply
132.4.1 Inferior belly
132.4.1.1 Inferior ramus of the ansa cervicalis (C2, C3)
132.4.2 Superior belly
132.4.2.1 Superior ramus of ansa cervicalis (Cl, C2)
132.5 Arterial Supply
132.5.1 Inferior belly
132.5.1.1 Suprascapular artery
132.5.2 Superior belly
132.5.2.1 Superior and inferior thyroid arteries
132.6 Synergists
132.6.1 Sternohyoid, sternothyroid and thyrohyoid
132.7 Antagonists
132.7.1 Suprahyoid muscles (e.g., digastric)
132.8 Category
132.8.1
133 OPPONENS DIGITI MINIMI
133.1 Origin
133.1.1 Hamulus or hook of the hamate bone and flexor retinaculum
133.2 Insertion
133.2.1 Entire length of ulnar border of 5th metacarpal
133.3 Action
133.3.1 Flexes and slightly laterally rotates the 5th metacarpal. Helps to cup the palm of the hand
133.4 Nerve Supply
133.4.1 Deep branch of ulnar nerve, C8, T1
133.5 Synergists
133.5.1 Flexor digiti minimi brevis, abductor digiti minimi
133.6 Category
133.6.1
133.7 View
133.7.1 Anterior
View -
134 OPPONENS POLLICIS
134.1 Origin
134.1.1 Flexor retinaculum and tubercle of trapezium bone
134.2 Insertion
134.2.1 Radial side of entire length of first metacarpal bone
134.3 Action
134.3.1 Flexes and abducts the first metacarpal with slight medial rotation
134.4 Nerve Supply
134.4.1 Median, C8, T1 and commonly a ramus from the deep terminal branch of ulnar
134.5 Synergists
134.5.1 Abductor pollicis, adductor pollicis
134.6 Category
134.6.1
134.7 View
134.7.1 Anterior
View
135 ORBICULARIS OCULI
135.1 Origin
135.1.1 Orbital part
135.1.1.1 Nasal part of the frontal bone lthe frontal p;rocess of the maxilla and the media palpebral ligament between them
135.1.2 Palpebral part
135.1.2.1 Medial palpebral ligament
135.1.3 Lacrimal part
135.1.3.1 Just Rosterior of the lacrimal sac to the upper part of the lacrimal crest
135.2 Insertion
135.2.1 Orbit.al part
135.2.1.1 Surround~ orbi~ and &preads into the anterIOr temporal regIon, Infraorbital cheek and superciliary region. (Nofe: no bony attachments)
135.2.2 Palpebral part
135.2.2.1 Across eyelids anterior to the orbital septum, inserting into the lateral palpebral raphe
135.2.3 Lacrimal part
135.2.3.1 S~perior and inferior tarsi and the lateral palpebral rapfie
135.3 Action
135.3.1 Orbital part
135.3.1.1 Protrusion of the eyebrows, and closes the eyelids, usually a voluntary action
135.3.2 Palpebral part
135.3.2.1 Closes lids during blinking
135.3.3 Lacrimal part
135.3.3.1 Draws lids and lacrimal papillae medially, also compresses the lacrimal sac
135.4 Nerve Supply
135.4.1 Temporal & zygomatic branches facial nerve (VU)
135.5 Arterial Supply
135.5.1 Zygomatico-orbital artery, palpebral branches from the ophthalmic and lacrimal arteries
135.6 Synergists
135.6.1 For protrusion; corrugator supercilii and procerus
135.7 Antagonists
135.7.1 Levator palRebrae superioris for closing the eyelids and the frontalis muscle lor protrusIon of the eyebrows
135.8 Category
135.8.1
136 ORBICULARIS ORIS
136.1 Origin/Insertion
136.1.1 l:atera~ attac~l.tlel!ts
136.1.1.1 La.bial aspect of the modiol\!s with fibers Interdlgltat~ng ~lth those from thy buc.clnatorl depresso.r an~11 OrIS, levator angulI OrIS ana zygomaticus major
136.1.2 Pars peripheralis superior
136.1.2.1 The highest fibers extend to th.e nasorabial s~lc~s, nasal .!lla anq s.eptum .and are reinforced from InCISlVUS labll superlorls and Its fibers from the contralateral side
136.1.3 Pars peripheralis inferior
136.1.3.1 The lowest fibers to the mento1abial sulcus. Reinforcement from incisivus labii inferior and fibers from the contralateral side
136.1.4 Pars marginalis inferior and superior
136.1.4.1 Fibers meet and interlace with their contralateral partners in the red- lipped dermis
136.2 Action
136.2.1 Direct closure of lips by its deep fibers. b!ipg lips tog.ether and als~ Qrotrudes then forward Dy superficial, prIncipally decussatlng fibers
136.3 Nerve Supply
136.3.1 Buccal branches of the facial nerve (VII)
136.4 Arterial Supply
136.4.1 Superior and inferior labial branch of the facial artery and mental branches of the inferior alveolar artery
136.5 Synergists
136.5.1 lncisivus labii superior, incisivus labii inferior and mentalis
136.6 Antagonists
136.6.1 La;te~al slip of leyator lajJii suRerioris alaequ.e na~i, levator lab 11 su.perlorls, zygomaticus mInor, levator angulI OrIS, zygomati~s major, depressor labii inferioris, depressor anguli oris, ana buccInator
136.7 Category
136.7.1
136.8 Note
136.8.1 (Denotes modiolus)
137 PALATOGLOSSUS (Palatoglossal arch; Anterior pillar)
137.1 Origin
137.1.1 The oral surface of the palatine aponeurosis, where it is continuous with its muscle fibers from the contralateral side
137.2 Insertion
137.2.1 Anterior to the tonsil to the side of the tongue, with fibres over the lingual dorsum, and others deep to intermingle with the transverse 1ingualis
137.3 Action
137.3.1 Elevates the root of the tongue and approximates the palatoglossal arch, closing the ismus of the fauces, thus shutting off the oral cavity from oropharynx
137.4 Nerve Supply
137.4.1 Pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve (X), with filaments chiefly from the cranial accessory nerve that pass through the pharyngeal plexus
137.5 Arterial Supply
137.5.1 Greater palatine branch of the maxillary artery, the ascending palatine and tonsillar branches of the facial artery, the dorsal lingual branches of the lingual artery
137.6 Synergists
137.6.1 For elevation of the tongue
137.6.1.1 Styloglossus
137.7 Antagonists
137.7.1 For elevation of tongue base
137.7.1.1 Supra-and infra-hyoid muscles
137.8 Category
137.8.1 Tongue & soft palate
138 PALATOPHARYNGEUS (Palatopharyngeal arch; Posterior pillar)
138.1 Origin
138.1.1 Anterior fibres
138.1.1.1 The posterior border of the hard palate and from the palatine aponeurosis with the fibres interdigitating with it's opposite across the midline, between the levator veli pa1atine
138.1.2 Posterior fibres
138.1.2.1 Posterior to the levator veli palatini, the pharyngeal aspect of the palate and joining the posterior band of the opposite muscle in the midline
138.1.3 United fibres
138.1.3.1 At the soft palates posterolateral border the anterior and posterior fibres unite with the salpingopharyngeus muscle
138.2 Insertion
138.2.1 Poster~or border .of the t~yroid cart.ila,ge, pharyngeal fibrous tissue and fibres crossmg the midlme postenorly, decussating with it's opposite muscle
138.3 Action
138.3.1 Elevates and draws pharnyx forward and medially during swallowing
138.4 Nerve Supply
138.4.1 Pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve (X), with filaments chiefly from the cranial accessory nerve that pass through the paryngeal plexus
138.5 Arterial Supply
138.5.1 Ascending pha~geal artery, asce~ding palatine and tonsillar branches of facial and maxillary arteries, greater palatine, pharyngeal, and the artery of the pterygoid canal
138.6 Synergists
138.6.1 Salpingopharyngeus and stylopharyngeus act as pharyngeal elevators
138.7 Antagonists
138.7.1 Infrahyoid muscles lower pharynx during late stages of swallowing
138.8 Category
138.8.1 Pharynx longitudinal layer & soft palate
138.9 View
138.9.1 (Note: Salpingopharyngeus muscle is
also illustrated).
139 PALMAR INTEROSSEI (HAND)
139.1 Origin
139.1.1 Sides of the metacarpals l' 2, 4 and 5
139.2 Insertion
139.2.1 Extensor expansion of the respective digit with pos- sible attachment to the base of the proximal phalanx
139.3 Action
139.3.1 Adducts the thumb, index, ring and little fingers toward the middle finger. All four assist in flexing the proximal phalanges of the thumb, index, ring and little fingers at the metacarpophalan- geal joints, and in extending the middle and distal phalanges
139.4 Nerve Supply
139.4.1 Deep branch of the ulnar nerve, C8, T1
139.5 Synergists
139.5.1 Dorsal interossei, lumbricals, extensor indicis, flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus
139.6 Category
139.6.1
139.7 View
139.7.1 Anterior View
140 PALMARIS BREVIS
140.1 Origin
140.1.1
140.2 Insertion
140.2.1
140.3 Action
140.3.1
140.4 Nerve Supply
140.4.1
140.5 Synergists
140.5.1
140.6 Category
140.6.1
141 PALMARIS LONGUS
141.1 Origin
141.1.1 Common flexor tendon from medial epicondyle of humerus
141.2 Insertion
141.2.1 Flexor retinaculum and palmar aponeurosis
141.3 Action
141.3.1 Flexes hand at the wrist
141.4 Nerve Supply
141.4.1 Median C7, 8
141.5 Synergists
141.5.1 Flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum superficialis
141.6 Category
141.6.1
141.7 View
141.7.1 Anterior View
142 PECTINEUS
142.1 Origin
142.1.1 Superior surface of the pubis, the pectineal line between iliopectineal eminence and pubic tubercle
142.2 Insertion
142.2.1 Pectineal line of femur, from lesser trochanter to linea aspera
142.3 Action
142.3.1 Adduction of thigh at hip
142.3.2 Assistance in thigh flexion and medial rotation at the hip
142.4 Nerve Supply
142.4.1 Femoral and obturator nerves, L2, 3, 4
142.5 Synergists
142.5.1 Adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor mag- nus, gracilis
142.6 Category
142.6.1
142.7 View
142.7.1 Anterior View
143 PECTORALIS MAJOR CLAVICULAR
143.1 Origin
143.1.1 Anterior surface of the medial 1/2 of the clavicle
143.2 Insertion
143.2.1 Lateral lip of the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus
143.2.2 Crest of greater tubercle
143.3 Action
143.3.1 Flexion, adduction, horizontal flexion and medial rotation of the humerus at the shoulder
143.4 Nerve Supply
143.4.1 Lateral pectoral, C5, 6
143.5 Synergists
143.5.1 Biceps brachi, pectoralis major (sternal division), latissimus dorsi, deltoid (anterior division)
143.6 Category
143.6.1
143.7 View
143.7.1 Anterior View
144 PECTORALIS MAJOR STERNAL
144.1 Origin
144.1.1 Sternum to 7th rib, cartilages of true ribs and aponeurosis of external abdominal oblique muscle
144.2 Insertion
144.2.1 Lateral lip of the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus
144.2.2 Crest of greater tubercle
144.3 Action
144.3.1 Flexion, adduction ,medial rotation and horizontal flexion of the humerus at the shoulder. Also extends flexed humerus. Through its action on the humerus it depresses, protracts and rotates scapula downwards
144.4 Nerve Supply
144.4.1 Lateral and medial pectoral, C7, 8, T1
144.5 Synergists
144.5.1 Latissimus dorsi, subscapularis, teres major
144.6 Category
144.6.1
144.7 View
144.7.1 Anterior View
145 PECTORALIS MINOR
145.1 Origin
145.1.1 Anterior surfaces of 3rd, 4th and 5th ribs near the costal cartilages
145.2 Insertion
145.2.1 Coracoid process of the scapula
145.3 Action
145.3.1 Depresses scapula and rotates scapula downward. Im- portant anterior shoulder stabilizer
145.3.2 Reversed origin-insertion action
145.3.2.1 When the scapula is fixed, it aids in rib elevation in forced inspiration
145.4 Nerve Supply
145.4.1 Medial pectoral nerve from brachial plexus, C6, 7, 8
145.5 Synergists
145.5.1 Pectoralis major, serratus anterior
145.6 Category
145.6.1
145.7 View
145.7.1 Anterior View
146 PERONEUS BREVIS
146.1 Origin
146.1.1 Distal '2/3 of the lateral surface of the body of fibula and the adjacent intermuscular septa
146.2 Insertion
146.2.1 Tuberosity on lateral side of base of Sth metatarsal
146.3 Action
146.3.1 Eversion and plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle. Gives lateral stability to the ankle
146.4 Nerve Supply
146.4.1 Superficial peroneal, LS, S1, 2
146.5 Synergists
146.5.1 Gastrocnemius, soleus for plantar flexion, Peroneus longus and tertius for eversion
146.6 Category
146.6.1
146.7 View
146.7.1 Lateral and Plantar View
147 PERONEUS LONGUS
147.1 Origin
147.1.1 Head and proximal ':!/3 of lateral surface of fibula, inter- muscular septa and adjacent fascia
147.2 Insertion
147.2.1 Lateral margin of plantar surface of 1 st cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal
147.3 Action
147.3.1 Eversion and plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle. Gives lateral stability to the ankle
147.4 Nerve Supply
147.4.1 Superficial peroneal, L5, S1, 2
147.5 Synergists
147.5.1 Gastrocnemius, soleus, for plantar flexion, peroneus brevis and tertius for eversion
147.6 Category
147.6.1
147.7 View
147.7.1 Lateral and Plantar View
148 PERONEUS TERTIUS
148.1 Origin
148.1.1 Distal 1/3 of the anterior surface of the fibula, interosseous membrane and adjacent intermuscular septum
148.2 Insertion
148.2.1 Dorsal surface of the base of the Sth metatarsal
148.3 Action
148.3.1 Dorsiflexes and everts the foot at the ankle
148.4 Nerve Supply
148.4.1 Deep peroneal, L5. 81
148.5 Synergists
148.5.1 Extensor digitorum longus for dorsiflexion, peroneus longus and brevis (for eversion)
148.6 Category
148.6.1
148.7 View
148.7.1 Lateral View
149 PIRIFORMIS (1 of 6 Deep Lateral Rotators of Femur)
149.1 Origin
149.1.1 Anterior surface of sacrum between and lateral to anterior sacral foramina, capsule of sacroiliac articulation, margin of the greater sciatic foramen, and sacrotuberous ligament
149.2 Insertion
149.2.1 Superior border of greater trochanter of femur
149.3 Action
149.3.1 Rotates thigh laterally and abducts the flexed thigh at the hip
149.4 Nerve Supply
149.4.1 Sacral plexus, L5, S1, 2
149.5 Synergists
149.5.1 Superior and inferior gemelli, quadratus femoris, internal and external obturators
149.6 Category
149.6.1
149.7 View
149.7.1 Posterior View
150 PLANTAR INTEROSSEI (FOOT)
150.1 Origin
150.1.1 There are 3 plantar interossei arising from the bases and medial plantar surfaces of the 3rd, 4th and Sth metatarsal bones
150.2 Insertion
150.2.1 Medial sides of the bases of the proximal phalanges of the same toes and into the extensor expansion
150.3 Action
150.3.1 Adducts the 3rd, 4th and Sth toes toward the axis of the 2nd toe. Flex the proximal and extend the distal phalanges
150.4 Nerve Supply
150.4.1 Lateral plantar, 82, 3
150.5 Synergists
150.5.1 Dorsal interossei
150.6 Category
150.6.1
150.7 View
150.7.1 Plantar View (4th Plantar Layer)
151 PLANTARIS
151.1 Origin
151.1.1 Lower part of lateral supracondylar line of femur and from the oblique popliteal ligament of the knee joint
151.2 Insertion
151.2.1 The posterior part of the calcaneus medial to the Achilles tendon
151.3 Action
151.3.1 Plantar flexes and inverts the foot at the ankle, flexes the leg at the knee
151.4 Nerve Supply
151.4.1 Tibial nerve, 81, 2
151.5 Synergists
151.5.1 Gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis posterior, peroneus longus and brevis, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus
151.6 Category
151.6.1
151.7 View
151.7.1 Posterior View
152 PLATYSMA
152.1 Origin
152.1.1 Broad. fascial.sheet over the .~pper parts of the pectoralis major and antenor portion of the deltbld
152.2 Insertion
152.2.1 Anterior Fibers
152.2.1.1 Interlace across the midline inferoposterior to symphysis menti
152.2.2 Intermediate Fibers
152.2.2.1 Pars mandibularis lthe lower border of the body of the mandible. Pars abialis, deep t.o depressor angu1i oris to the lateral half of the lower lip
152.2.3 Posterior Fibers
152.2.3.1 Pars modiolaris, the skin and subcutaneous tissue blending with the muscles at the modiolus near the buccal ang1e
152.3 Action
152.3.1 Anterior Fibers
152.3.1.1 Assist mandibular depression
152.3.2 Intermediate Fibers
152.3.2.1 Pars labialis depress the lower lip
152.3.3 Posterior Fibers
152.3.3.1 Pars modiolaris, depress the buccal angle
152.4 Nerve Supply
152.4.1 Cervical branch of the facial nerve (VII)
152.5 Arterial Supply
152.5.1 Submental and inferiouabial branches of the facial arteries, mental branch of the inferior alveolar artery, superior !ind inferior l~ryngeal arteries, and perforating branclies of the Internal thoracic artery
152.6 Synergists
152.6.1 Depressor anguli oris
152.7 Antagonist
152.7.1 Levator anguli oris
152.8 Category
152.8.1
152.9 Note
152.9.1
(Denotes modiolus)
153 POPLITEUS
153.1 Origin
153.1.1 Lateral condyle of femur, outer margin of lateral menis- cus, arcuate popliteal ligament and capsule of knee joint
153.2 Insertion
153.2.1 Posterior surface of tibia above solealline
153.3 Action
153.3.1 Rotates the tibia medially on the femur or the femur laterally on the tibia, depending on the one fixed. Withdraws the meniscus during flexion, and provides rotatory stability to the femur on the tibia. Brings the knee out of the position of full extension. Helps with posterior stability of the knee
153.4 Nerve Supply
153.4.1 Tibial, L4, 5, 81
153.5 Synergists
153.5.1
153.6 Category
153.6.1
153.7 View
153.7.1
Posterior
View
154 POSTERIOR CRICOARYTENOID
154.1 Origin
154.1.1 Posterior surface of the cricoid lamina, the inferomedial aspect of the depression present to the side of the midline
154.2 Insertion
154.2.1 The apex of the arytenoid muscular process, just medial to the lateral cricoarytenoid's attachment
154.3 Action
154.3.1 Rotates the a~enoid cartilages laterally at the cricoarytenoid joints. The only muscle to aDduct the vocal cords. This muscle alSo tenses the vocal cords
154.4 Nerve Supply
154.4.1 Recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve (X)
154.5 Arterial Supply
154.5.1 SuRerior laryngeal branch of the suRerior thyro!d artery and the iliferior laryngeal branch of the inferior thyrOId artery
154.6 Synergists
154.6.1 For glottis deviation
154.6.1.1 None
154.6.2 For regulating tension of vocal folds
154.6.2.1 Cricothyroid
154.7 Antagonists
154.7.1 For glottic deviation
154.7.1.1 Lateral cricoarytenoids, oblique and transverse arytenoids
154.7.2 For regulating tension in vocal folds
154.7.2.1 Thyroarytenoids and vocalis
154.8 Category
154.8.1
155 PROCERUS
155.1 Origin
155.1.1 The facial aponeurosis covering the lower part of the nasal bone and lateral nasaf cartilage
155.2 Insertion
155.2.1 Superficial fascia between the eyebrows and continuous with frontalis
155.3 Action
155.3.1 Depresses the medial end of the eyebrow
155.4 Nerve Supply
155.4.1 Superior buccal branches of the facial nerve (VII)
155.5 Arterial Supply
155.5.1 Supratrochlear, supraorbital and dorsal nasal branches of the ophthalmic artery
155.6 Synergists
155.6.1 Corrugator supercilii and orbicularis oculi
155.7 Antagonist
155.7.1 Frontalis
155.8 Category
155.8.1
156 PRONATOR QUADRATUS
156.1 Origin
156.1.1 Distal 1/4 of the anterior surface of the ulna
156.2 Insertion
156.2.1 Distal 1/4 of the anterior surface of the radius. ACTION: Pronates the forearm
156.3 Action
156.3.1
156.4 Nerve Supply
156.4.1 Anterior interosseous branch of median nerve, C8, T1
156.5 Synergists
156.5.1 Pronator teres
156.6 Category
156.6.1
156.7 View
156.7.1 Anterior View
157 PRONATOR TERES
157.1 Origin
157.1.1 Humeral head
157.1.1.1 Common flexor tendon from medial epicon- dyle of humerus and common flexor tendon
157.1.2 Ulnar head
157.1.2.1 Medial side of coronoid process of ulna
157.2 Insertion
157.2.1 Middle 1/3 of lateral surface of radius
157.3 Action
157.3.1 Pronation of forearm and flexion of forearm at the elbow
157.4 Nerve Supply
157.4.1 Median, C6, 7
157.5 Synergists
157.5.1 Pronator quadratus
157.6 Category
157.6.1
157.7 View
157.7.1 Anterior View
158 PSOAS MAJOR
158.1 Origin
158.1.1 Anterior surfaces of transverse processes. Lateral borders of vertebral bodies and corresponding intervertebral discs of T12 - L5
158.2 Insertion
158.2.1 Lesser trochanter of femur and for short distance below along medial border of the shaft
158.3 Action
158.3.1 Flexion of the thigh at the hip. Minimal action in lateral rotation of the thigh
158.3.2 REVERSED ORIGIN-INSERTION ACTION
158.3.2.1 When the thigh is fixed, the psoas muscle pulls on the vertebrae and flexes the spine and pelvis on the thigh (sit up)
158.4 Nerve Supply
158.4.1 Lumbar plexus, L1, 2, 3
158.5 Synergists
158.5.1 Iliacus, adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor magnus, rectus femoris
158.6 Category
158.6.1
158.7 View
158.7.1 Anterior View
159 PSOAS MINOR
159.1 Origin
159.1.1
159.2 Insertion
159.2.1
159.3 Action
159.3.1
159.4 Nerve Supply
159.4.1
159.5 Synergists
159.5.1
159.6 Category
159.6.1
160 PYRAMIDALIS
160.1 Origin
160.1.1 Anterior aspect of the symphysis pubis and pubic bone
160.2 Insertion
160.2.1 Linea alba, midway between the umbilicus and pubis
160.3 Action
160.3.1 Compresses the abdomen, supports abdominal viscera, tenses the linea alba and is active in forced expiration
160.4 Nerve Supply
160.4.1 Subcostal nerve, T12
160.5 Synergists
160.5.1 Rectus abdominis, external abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique, transversus abdominis
160.6 Category
160.6.1
160.7 View
160.7.1 Anterior View
161 QUADRATUS FEMORIS (1 of 6 Deep Lateral Rotators of the Femur)
161.1 Origin
161.1.1 Superior aspect of the lateral border of the ischial tuberosity
161.2 Insertion
161.2.1 Superior aspect of the quadrate line which extends downward from the intertrochanteric crest of the femur
161.3 Action
161.3.1 Lateral rotation of the femur at the hip
161.4 Nerve Supply
161.4.1 Sacral plexus, L4, 5, S1
161.5 Synergists
161.5.1 Piriformis, obturator externus, obturator internus, superior and inferior gemelli
161.6 Category
161.6.1
161.7 View
161.7.1 Posterior
View
162 QUADRATUS LUMBORUM
162.1 Origin
162.1.1 Iliolumbar ligament, posterior part of the iliac crest
162.2 Insertion
162.2.1 Inferior border of the 12th rib and transverse proces- ses of the upper 4 lumbar vertebrae
162.3 Action
162.3.1 Lateral flexion of lumbar vertebral column; helps action of the diaphragm in inspiration
162.4 Nerve Supply
162.4.1 Lumbar plexus, T12, L1, 2, 3
162.5 Synergists
162.5.1 Internal and external abdominal obliques, iliocos- talis lumborum, longissimus thoracis and psoas major
162.6 Category
162.6.1
162.7 View
162.7.1 Posterior View
163 QUADRATUS PLANTAE
163.1 Origin
163.1.1 Two heads from the medial and lateral sides of the inferior surface of the calcaneus
163.2 Insertion
163.2.1 Lateral border of the tendon of the flexor digitorum longus
163.3 Action
163.3.1 Flexes the 2nd -Sth toes
163.4 Nerve Supply
163.4.1 Lateral plantar, S2, 3
163.5 Synergists
163.5.1 Flexor digitorum longus, flexor digitorum brevis
163.6 Category
163.6.1
163.7 VIew
163.7.1 Plantar View (2nd Plantar Layer)
164 RECTUS ABDOMINIS (4 Divisions as 1)
164.1 Origin
164.1.1 The pubic crest and the symphysis pubis
164.2 Insertion
164.2.1 The costal cartilages of the Sth, 6th and 7th ribs and the side of the xiphoid process
164.3 Action
164.3.1 Flexion and lateral flexion of the trunk. In standing position, supports organs anteriorly, gives anterior support to lum- bar spine. With aid of gluteus maximus and hamstrings keeps pelvis from going into anterior tilt, decreasing lumbar lordosis
164.4 Nerve Supply
164.4.1 Ventral rami of TS -12. The various levels of the rectus abdominis, superior, inferior as well as those between in- scriptions receive nerve supply from different levels. Therefore act independently as they influence each other
164.5 Synergists
164.5.1 Internal and external oblique abdominals, pyramidalis
164.6 Category
164.6.1
164.7 View
164.7.1 Anterior View
165 RECTUS CAPITIS ANTERIOR
165.1 Origin
165.1.1 Anterior surface of the lateral mass of the atlas and the root of its transverse process
165.2 Insertion
165.2.1 The inferior surface of the basilar part of the occipital bone anterior to the occipital condyle
165.3 Action
165.3.1 Aids in flexion of the head at the neck
165.4 Nerve Supply
165.4.1 Ventral rami of C1, 2
165.5 Synergists
165.5.1 Sternocleidomastoid, longus calli, longus capitis
165.6 Category
165.6.1
165.7 View
165.7.1 Anterlor View
166 RECTUS CAPITIS LATERALIS
166.1 Origin
166.1.1 Superior surface of the transverse processes of the atlas
166.2 Insertion
166.2.1 Inferior surface of the jugular process of the occipital bone
166.3 Action
166.3.1 Aids in lateral flexion of the head on the neck
166.4 Nerve Supply
166.4.1 Ventral rami of C1, 2
166.5 Synergists
166.5.1 : Longus capitis, longissimus capitis, semispinalis capitis
166.6 Category
166.7 View
166.7.1 Anterior View
167 RECTUS CAPITIS POSTERIOR MAJOR
167.1 Origin
167.1.1 From the spinous process of the axis
167.2 Insertion
167.2.1 The lateral part of the inferior nuchal line of the occipital bone and the surface of the bone immediately inferior to the line
167.3 Action
167.3.1 Extends the head and rotates it to the same side
167.4 Nerve Supply
167.4.1 Suboccipital nerve, dorsal ramus of C1
167.5 Synergists
167.5.1 Rectus capitis posterior minor, obliquus capitis superior, longissimus capitis, semispinalis capitis
167.6 Category
167.6.1
167.7 View
167.7.1 Posterior View
168 RECTUS CAPITIS POSTERIOR MINOR
168.1 Origin
168.1.1 The tubercle on the posterior arch of the atlas
168.2 Insertion
168.2.1 The medial part of the inferior nuchal line of the occipital bone and the surface between it and the foramen mag- num
168.3 Action
168.3.1 Extends the head at the neck
168.4 Nerve Supply
168.4.1 Suboccipital nerve, dorsal ramus C1
168.5 Synergists
168.5.1 Rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis superior, longissimus capitis, semispinalis capitis
168.6 Category
168.6.1
168.7 View
168.7.1
Posterior
View
169 RECTUS FEMORIS (Quadriceps Femoris) (1 of 4 Quadriceps)
169.1 Origin
169.1.1 STRAIGHT HEAD
169.1.1.1 Anterior inferior iliac spine
169.1.2 REFLECTED HEAD
169.1.2.1 Groove on upper brim of acetabulum
169.2 Insertion
169.2.1 Upper border of patella and through the patellar ligament into tibial tuberosity
169.3 Action
169.3.1 Extension of leg at the knee
169.3.2 Flexion of thigh at the hip
169.3.3 REVERSED ORIGIN-INSERTION ACTION
169.3.3.1 Flexes the pelvis on the femur and gives anterior stabilization to the pelvis
169.4 Nerve Supply
169.4.1 Femoral, L2, 3, 4
169.5 Synergists
169.5.1 Psoas, sartorius, tensor fasciae latae, vasti lateralis, medialis and intermedius
169.6 Category
169.6.1
169.7 View
169.7.1
Anterior
View
170 RHOMBOID MAJOR
170.1 Origin
170.1.1 Spinous processes of 2nd -5th thoracic vertebrae
170.2 Insertion
170.2.1 Medial border of scapula from spine to inferior angle
170.3 Action
170.3.1 Retracts and elevates the scapula
170.3.2 The inferior fibers aid in rotating the glenoid cavity inferiorly
170.4 Nerve Supply
170.4.1 Dorsal scapular, C4, 5
170.5 Synergists
170.5.1 Upper, middle and lower trapezius, levator scapulae, latissimus dorsi, rhomboid minor
170.6 Category
170.6.1
170.7 View
170.7.1
Posterior
View
171 RHOMBOID MINOR
171.1 Origin
171.1.1 Lower part of ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of C7 and T1
171.2 Insertion
171.2.1 Medial border of scapula at the root of the spine of the scapula
171.3 Action
171.3.1 Retracts and elevates the scapula. Assists in rotating the scapula downwards
171.4 Nerve Supply
171.4.1 Dorsal scapular, C4, 5
171.5 Synergists
171.5.1 Upper, middle and lower trapezius, levator scapulae, latissimus dorsi and rhomboid major
171.6 Category
171.6.1
171.7 View
171.7.1
Posterior
View
172 RISORIUS
172.1 Origin
172.1.1 Parotid fascia over the masseter muscle
172.1.2 (Note: There are numerous variations)
172.2 Insertion
172.2.1 The angle of the mouth
172.3 Action
172.3.1 Retracts the angle of mouth
172.4 Nerve Supply
172.4.1 Inferior buccal branch of the facial nerve (VII)
172.5 Arterial Supply
172.5.1 Branches from the facial and transverse facial arteries
172.6 Synergists
172.6.1 Zygomaticus major and buccinator
172.7 Antagonist
172.7.1 Orbicularis oris
172.8 Category
172.8.1
173 ROTATORES BREVIS
173.1 Origin
173.1.1 A series of pairs of small muscles extending from the sacrum to the axis
173.1.2 Transverse processes of the vertebrae
173.2 Insertion
173.2.1 Bases of the spinous processes (lamina) of the 1st vertebra above
173.3 Action
173.3.1 Acting unilaterally, rotation of the spine to the opposite side. Acting bilaterally, extension of the spine
173.4 Nerve Supply
173.4.1 Dorsal rami of the spinal nerves
173.5 Synergists
173.5.1 Intertransversarii, interspinales, multifidus and rotatores longus
173.6 Category
173.6.1
173.7
173.7.1 Posterior
View
174 ROTATORES LONGUS
174.1 Origin
174.1.1 A series of pairs of small muscles extending from the sacrum to the axis
174.1.2 Transverse processes of the vertebrae
174.2 Insertion
174.2.1 Bases of the spinous processes (lamina) of the 2nd vertebra above
174.3 Action
174.3.1 Acting unilaterally, rotation of the spine to the opposite side. Acting bilaterally, extension of the spine
174.4 Nerve Supply
174.4.1 Dorsal rami of the spinal nerves
174.5 Synergists
174.5.1 Intertransversarii, interspinales, multifidus and rotatores brevis
174.6 Category
174.6.1
174.7 View
174.7.1 Posterior View
175 SALPINGOPHARYNGEUS
175.1 Origin
175.1.1 Inferior part of the cartilaF.e of the auditory tube (torus tubarius) near the tube's phafYngearopening
175.2 Insertion
175.2.1 Blends with palatopharyngeus
175.3 Action
175.3.1 Elevation of the upper lateral pharyngeal wall
175.4 Nerve Supply
175.4.1 Pharyngeal branch of the va~s (X), with the skeletomotor branches from the cranial parts of tb:e spinal accessory nerve that pass through the pliaryngeal plexus
175.5 Arterial Supply
175.5.1 Greater palatine branch of the maxillary artery; the ascending palatine and tonsillar branches of the facial artery; a variable ramus from the ascending pharyngeal artery
175.6 Synergists
175.6.1 Palatopharyngeus and stylopharyngeus
175.7 Antagonists
175.7.1 Infrahyoid muscles lower pharynx during late stages of swalloWIng
175.8 Category
175.8.1
175.9 View
175.9.1
The palatopharyngeus muscle has also been illustrated
176 SARTORIUS
176.1 Origin
176.1.1 Anterior superior iliac spine and upper half of the notch below it
176.2 Insertion
176.2.1 Anterior and medial surface of the shaft of the tibia just below the condyle
176.3 Action
176.3.1 Flexes, laterally rotates and abducts the thigh. Flexes and assists in medial rotation of the leg
176.3.2 Reversed origin-insertion action
176.3.2.1 When femur and knee are fixed, flexes the pelvis on the hip and gives anterior stabilization to the pelvis
176.4 Nerve Supply
176.4.1 Femoral, L2, 3
176.5 Synergists
176.5.1 Biceps femoris, semitendinous, semi- membranosus, gracilis
176.6 Category
176.6.1
176.7 VIew
176.7.1
Anterior
View
177 SCALENUS ANTERIOR
177.1 Origin
177.1.1 Scalene tubercle and ridgeon superior surface of the 1 st rib
177.2 Insertion
177.2.1 Anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the 3rd -6th cervicle vertebrae
177.3 Action
177.3.1 Acting unilaterally, flexes and rotates cervical spine to the opposite side. When acting bilaterally, flexes the neck and raises the 1st rib
177.4 Nerve Supply
177.4.1 Ventral rami, C4,5,6
177.5 Synergists
177.5.1 Sternocleidomastoid, scalenus medius and scalenus posterior, longus capitis, longus colli, suprahyoid, infrahyoid and the platysma
177.6 Category
177.6.1
177.7 View
177.7.1 Anterior
View
178 SCALENUS MEDIUS
178.1 Origin
178.1.1 Superior surface of the 1 st rib behind subclavian groove
178.2 Insertion
178.2.1 Posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of 2nd -7th cervical vertebrae
178.3 Action
178.3.1 Acting unilaterally, laterally flexes and rotates cervical spine to the opposite side. When acting bilaterally, flexes the neck and raises the 1 sI rib
178.4 Nerve Supply
178.4.1 Ventral rami of C3 -8
178.5 Synergists
178.5.1 Sternocleidomastoid, scalenus anterior and scalenus posterior, longus capitis, longus colli, suprahyoid, infrahyoid and the platysma
178.6 Category
178.6.1
178.7 VIew
178.7.1 Anterior View
179 SCALENUS POSTERIOR
179.1 Origin
179.1.1 Outer surface of 2nd rib behind attachment of serratus anterior
179.2 Insertion
179.2.1 Posterior tubercles of transverse processes of 4th, 5th and 6th cervical vertebrae
179.3 Action
179.3.1 Acting unilaterally, laterally flexes and rotates cervical spine to the opposite side. When acting bilaterally, flexes the neck and raises the 2nd rib
179.4 Nerve Supply
179.4.1 Ventral rami, C6,7,8
179.5 Synergists
179.5.1 Scalenus medius, scalenus anterior, sternocleidomastoid, longus capitis, longus colli, suprahyoid, infrahyoid and the platysma
179.6 Category
179.6.1
179.7 VIew
179.7.1 Anterior View
180 SEMIMEMBRANOSUS (Medial Hamstring)
180.1 Origin
180.1.1 Upper and lateral aspect of ischial tuberosity
180.2 Insertion
180.2.1 Posterior surface of medial condyle of the tibia
180.3 Action
180.3.1 Flexes and medially rotates the leg at the knee. Extends, adducts and medially rotates the thigh at the hip
180.3.2 Reversed origin-insertion action
180.3.2.1 When the thigh is fixed, gives posterior stability to the pelvis and extends the pelvis on the hip
180.4 Nerve Supply
180.4.1 Sciatic (tibial portion), L5, S1, 2
180.5 Synergists
180.5.1 Semitendinosus, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius, gracilis, sartorius
180.6 Category
180.6.1
180.7 View
180.7.1 Posterior View
181 SEMISPINALIS CAPITIS
181.1 Origin
181.1.1 7th cervical and 1st -6th thoracic transverse processes and articular processes of 4th, Sth and 6th cervical vertebrae
181.2 Insertion
181.2.1 Between superior and inferior nuchal lines of the occipital bone
181.3 Action
181.3.1 Extension and lateral flexion of the neck and head, and rotation to the opposite side
181.4 Nerve Supply
181.4.1 Dorsal rami of the cervical nerves
181.5 Synergists
181.5.1 Splenius group, semispinalis cervicis
181.6 Category
181.6.1
181.7 View
181.7.1 Posterior View
182 SEMISPINALIS CERVICIS
182.1 Origin
182.1.1 Transverse processes of the 1st -6th thoracic vertebrae
182.2 Insertion
182.2.1 Spinous processes of 2nd -5th cervical vertebrae
182.3 Action
182.3.1 Acting bilaterally, extension of the cervical spine
182.3.2 Acting unilaterally, lateral flexion of the neck and head and rotation ot the opposite side
182.4 Nerve Supply
182.4.1 Dorsal rami of the cervical nerves
182.5 Synergists
182.5.1 Semispinalis capitis, splenius cervicis, iliocostalis cervicis, longissimus capitis, longissimus cervicis
182.6 Category
182.6.1
182.7 View
182.7.1 Posterior View
183 SEMISPINALIS THORACIS
183.1 Origin
183.1.1 The transverse processes of the 6th -1Oth thoracic ver- tebrae
183.2 Insertion
183.2.1 The spinous processes of the 1st -4th thoracic and the 6th and 7th cervical vertebrae
183.3 Action
183.3.1 Extends the spine and rotates it towards the opposite side
183.4 Nerve Supply
183.4.1 Dorsal rami of the thoracic nerves, T1 -6
183.5 Synergists
183.5.1 Longissimus thoracis, iliocostalis thoracis, spinalis thoracis
183.6 Category
183.6.1
183.7 View
183.7.1 Posterior View
184 SEMITENDINOSUS (Medial Hamstring)
184.1 Origin
184.1.1 : Ischial tuberosity with tendon of the long head of the biceps femoris
184.2 Insertion
184.2.1 Anterior and medial surface of the shaft of the tibia just below the condyle
184.3 Action
184.3.1 Flexes and medially rotates the leg at the knee. Extends, adducts and medially rotates the thigh at the hip
184.3.2 Reversed origin-insertion action
184.3.2.1 When thigh is fixed, assists posterior stability of the pelvis and extends the pelvis on the hip
184.4 Nerve Supply
184.4.1 Sciatic (tibial portion), L5, 51, 2
184.5 Synergists
184.5.1 Semimembranosus, biceps femoris, gastroc- nemius, gracilis, sartorius
184.6 Category
184.6.1
184.7 View
184.7.1 Posterior View
185 SERRATUS ANTERIOR
185.1 Origin
185.1.1 Superior lateral surfaces of upper 8 or 9 ribs at the side of the chest
185.2 Insertion
185.2.1 Costal surface of the vertebral border along the inferior angle of scapula
185.3 Action
185.3.1 Protracts scapula and rotates it upwards to point the glenoid cavity superiorly. Stabilizes vertebral border of scapula to thoracic cage, along with rhomboids and middle trapezius
185.4 Nerve Supply
185.4.1 Long thoracic, C5, 6, 7. SYNERGIST: Pectoralis minor
185.5 Synergists
185.5.1
185.6 Category
185.7 View
185.7.1 Lateral
View
185.7.2 The scapula is pulled back off the rib cage to view the anterior
surface of the scapula
186 SERRATUS POSTERIOR INFERIOR
186.1 Origin
186.1.1 Spinous processes of 11 th and 12th thoracic and 1 st, 2nd and 3rd lumbar vertebrae, and the thoracolumbar fascia
186.2 Insertion
186.2.1 Inferior borders of lower 4 ribs just beyond their angles
186.3 Action
186.3.1 Counteracts the pull of the diaphragm by drawing the ribs posterior and inferior, aids in respiration
186.4 Nerve Supply
186.4.1 Ventral rami of T9 -12. SYNERGISTS: Internal intercostals
186.5 Synergists
186.5.1
186.6 Category
186.6.1
186.7 View
186.7.1 Posterior
View
187 SERRATUS POSTERIOR SUPERIOR
187.1 Origin
187.1.1 Lower portion of ligamentum nuchae and spinous processes of the 7th cervical and 1st, 2nd and 3rd thoracic ver- tebrae
187.2 Insertion
187.2.1 Superior borders of 2nd -5th ribs distal to the angles
187.3 Action
187.3.1 Elevates the ribs and is a muscle of inspiration
187.4 Nerve Supply
187.4.1 Ventral rami of T2 -5
187.5 Synergists
187.5.1 Levatores costarum breves, scalenus posterior
187.6 Category
187.6.1
187.7 View
187.7.1 Posterior View
188 SOLEUS
188.1 Origin
188.1.1 Posterior surface of the head and upper 1/3 of the shaft of the fibia. 8olealline and middle 1/3 of the medial border of the tibia, tendinous arch between tibia and fibula
188.2 Insertion
188.2.1 Into calcaneus with gastrocnemius by way of the Achilles tendon
188.3 Action
188.3.1 Plantar flexion and inversion of the foot at the ankle
188.3.2 Reversed origin-insertion action
188.3.2.1 When standing, the calcaneus becomes the fixed origin of the muscle. The soleus muscle stabilizes the tibia on the calcaneus limiting forward sway
188.4 Nerve Supply
188.4.1 Tibia, 81, 2
188.5 Synergists
188.5.1 Gastrocnemius, plantaris, tibialis posterior, peroneus longus and brevis, flexor hallucis longus and flexor digitorum longus
188.6 Category
188.6.1
188.7 View
188.7.1 Posterior View
189 SPHINCTER PUPILLAE
189.1 Origin/Insertion
189.1.1 From collagenous connective tissue at the pupillary end 0( the dilator muscle passing circumferentially around the pupiL
189.2 Action
189.2.1 Constriction of the pupil to adjust to near vision by increasing the depth of focus and/ or to increased light
189.3 Nerve Supply
189.3.1 Para~pathetic fibers through the oculomotor nerve (III) from the Edmger-Westphal nucleus
189.4 Arterial Supply
189.4.1 Long posterior and anterior ciliary rami from the ophthalmic and lacrimal branches of the internal carotid artery
189.5 Synergists
189.5.1 None
189.6 Antagonist
189.6.1 Dilator pupillae
189.7 Category
189.7.1
189.8 View
189.8.1
The lower s are enlarged horizontal
sections
190 SPINALIS CAPITIS
190.1 Origin
190.1.1
190.2 Insertion
190.2.1
190.3 Action
190.3.1
190.4 Nerve Supply
190.4.1
190.5 Synergists
190.5.1
190.6 Category
190.6.1
191 SPINALIS CERVICIS
191.1 Origin
191.1.1 The lower portion of the ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of the 7th cervical and sometimes the 1st and 2nd thoracic vertebrae
191.2 Insertion
191.2.1 The spinous process of the axis and sometimes the 3rd and 4th cervical spinous processes
191.3 Action
191.3.1 Acting unilaterally, lateral flexion of the spine. Acting bilaterally, extension of the spine
191.4 Nerve Supply
191.4.1 Dorsal rami of the spinal nerves
191.5 Synergists
191.5.1 Longissimus cervicis, semispinalis cervicis, splenius cervicis, iliocostalis cervicis
191.6 Category
191.6.1
191.7 View
191.7.1 Posterior View
192 SPINALIS THORACIS
192.1 Origin
192.1.1 The spinous processes of the 1st and 2nd lumbar ver- tebrae, the thoracic vertebrae 11 and 12
192.2 Insertion
192.2.1 The spinous processes of the upper thoracic ver- tebrae varying from 4 -8
192.3 Action
192.3.1 Acting unilaterally, lateral flexion of the spine. Acting bilaterally, extension of the spine
192.4 Nerve Supply
192.4.1 Dorsal rami of the spinal nerves
192.5 Synergists
192.5.1 Semispinalis thoracis, longissimus thoracis, iliocostalis thoracis, iliocostalis lumborum, longissimus thoracis, quadratus lumborum
192.6 Category
192.6.1
192.7 VIew
192.7.1 Posterior View
193 SPINCTER ANI EXTERNUS
193.1 Origin
193.1.1
193.2 Insertion
193.2.1
193.3 Action
193.3.1
193.4 Nerve Supply
193.4.1
193.5 Synergists
193.5.1
193.6 Category
193.6.1
194 SPLENIUS CAPITIS
194.1 Origin
194.1.1 Spinous processes of C7- T3, inferior half of ligamentum nuchae
194.2 Insertion
194.2.1 Mastoid process and lateral third of the superior nuchal line
194.3 Action
194.3.1 Acting bilaterally, extends the head and neck. Acting unilaterally, laterally flexes and rotates head and neck to the same side
194.4 Nerve Supply
194.4.1 Dorsal rami of the middle cervical spinal nerves
194.5 Synergists
194.5.1 Splenius cervicis, semispinalis capitis, semi- spinalis cervicis, superior portion of the trapezius
194.6 Category
194.6.1
Posterior View
195 SPLENIUS CERVICIS
195.1 Origin
195.1.1 Spinous processes of 3rd -6th thoracic vertebrae
195.2 Insertion
195.2.1 1st, 2nd, 3rd and sometimes the 4th cervical ver- tebrae transverse processes on the posterior aspect
195.3 Action
195.3.1 Acting bilaterally, extends the head and neck. Acting unilaterally, laterally flexes and rotates the neck to the same side
195.4 Nerve Supply
195.4.1 Dorsal rami of the lower cervical spinal nerves
195.5 Synergists
195.5.1 Splenius capitis, semispinalis capitis, semispinalis cervicis, superior portion of trapezius, for extension and lateral flexion
195.6 Category
195.6.1
195.7 View
195.7.1 Posterior View
196 STAPEDIUS
196.1 Origin
196.1.1 From the. poster!or wall of the tympanic cavity, a conical caVIty In the pyramidal emInence
196.2 Insertion
196.2.1 The posterior surface on the neck of the stapes
196.3 Action
196.3.1 Pulls the head of the stapes posteriorly, fiXing the ossicular c~ai.n (malleus. incus and stapes) and, ~hereby, reducing the tranSm1SSlOn of sound energy through the middle ear
196.4 Nerve Supply
196.4.1 Stapedial branch of the facial nerve (VII)
196.5 Arterial Supply
196.5.1 Stylomastoid branch of the occipital or posterior auricular artenes. Other arteries of the tympanic cavity; superior tympanic branch of the middle meningeal arle!y, the anlerior: tympanic branch of th~ maxillary artery, the inferior tymp~mc branc\t of the ascend1f!g pharyngeal.artery and the carot1COtympamc branch of the Internal carot1d artery
196.6 Synergists
196.6.1 The te!lsor tympani and stapedius act together to tense the ossicular cham
196.7 Antagonist
196.7.1 None
196.8 Category
196.8.1
197 STERNALIS
197.1 Origin
197.1.1
197.2 Insertion
197.2.1
197.3 Action
197.3.1
197.4 Nerve Supply
197.4.1
197.5 Synergists
197.5.1
197.6 Category
197.6.1
198 STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID
198.1 Origin
198.1.1 Sternal Head
198.1.1.1 Anterior surface of the manubrium
198.1.2 Clavicular Head
198.1.2.1 Superior surface of the medial 1/3 of the clavicle
198.2 Insertion
198.2.1 Lateral surface of the mastoid process of the tem- poral bone and lateral half of the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone
198.3 Action
198.3.1 Acting unilaterally, draws the head toward the ipsilateral shoulder and rotates the head to the opposite side. Acting bilateral- ly, flexes the head
198.4 Nerve Supply
198.4.1 Ventral rami of C2, 3. Spinal portion of the accessory nerve (cranial X1)
198.5 Synergists
198.5.1 Scalene group
198.6 Category
198.6.1
198.7 View
198.7.1 Anterior View
199 STERNOHYOID (INFRAHYOID)
199.1 Origin
199.1.1 The posterior aspect of the clavicle and the upper posterior aspect of the manubrium sterni
199.2 Insertion
199.2.1 Inferior border of the hyoid body
199.3 Action
199.3.1 Hyoid depression
199.4 Nerve Supply
199.4.1 Ansa cervicalis (Cl, C2, C3)
199.5 Arterial Supply
199.5.1 Muscular branches from the superior and inferior thyroid arteries
199.6 Synergists
199.6.1 Other infrahyoid muscles (thyrohyoid, omohyoid and sternothyroid)
199.7 Antagonists
199.7.1 Supra~yoid muscles (e.g., stylohyoid, digastric, gemohyold and mylollyolCl)
199.8 Category
199.8.1
200 STERNOTHYROID (INFRAHYOID)
200.1 Origin
200.1.1 The posterior manubrial surface inferior to the ste~ohyoid orIgin, and to the posterior edge of the fIrst costal cartIlage
200.2 Insertion
200.2.1 The oblique line on the thyroid lamina
200.3 Action
200.3.1 Depression of the elevated larynx
200.4 Nerve Supply
200.4.1 Ansa cervicalis (Cl, C2, C3)
200.5 Arterial Supply
200.5.1 Muscular branches from the superior and inferior thyroid arteries
200.6 Synergists
200.6.1 All infrahyoid muscles lower the hyoid bone and, therefore, mdIrectly the larynx
200.7 Antagonists
200.7.1 Thyrohyoid and, indirectly, the suprahyoid muscles
200.8 Category
200.8.1
201 STYLOGLOSSUS
201.1 Origin
201.1.1 Anterior and lateral aspect of the styloid process, near its apex and from the styloid end of the stylomandibu1ar ligament
201.2 Insertion
201.2.1 Lon~itudinal part
201.2.1.1 Blend with the inferior longitudinal muscle in front of the hypoglossus
201.2.2 Oblique part
201.2.2.1 Overlapping and decussating with the hyoglossus
201.3 Action
201.3.1 Draw the tongue up and backwards
201.4 Nerve Supply
201.4.1 Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
201.5 Arterial Supply
201.5.1 Lingual arteries and its branches; dorsal lingual and sublingual rami. Tonsitlar rami of the facial artery
201.6 Synergists
201.6.1 Palatoglossus
201.7 Antagonists
201.7.1 Hyoglossus and genioglossus
201.8 Category
201.8.1
201.9 View
201.9.1
The styloid process and mastoid process
have been superimposed to this sagittal section
202 STYLOHYOID (SUPRAHYOID)
202.1 Origin
202.1.1 Posterior aspect of styloid process near its base
202.2 Insertion
202.2.1 Splits around digastric muscle (posterior belly) and is attached to hyoid body at its junction with the greater cornu
202.3 Action
202.3.1 Elevates and retracts the hyoid bone
202.4 Nerve Supply
202.4.1 Stylohyoid branch of the facial nerve (VII)
202.5 Arterial Supply
202.5.1 Posterior auricular artery and muscular branches of the occipital artery
202.6 Synergists
202.6.1 For. the. hyoid elevation
202.6.1.1 Digastric, mylohyoid and gemohyold
202.7 Antagonists
202.7.1 For the. hyoid elevation
202.7.1.1 Sternohyoid, thyrohyoid and omohyoid
202.7.2 For hyoid retraction
202.7.2.1 Geniohyoid
202.8 Category
202.8.1
203 STYLOPHARYNGEUS
203.1 Origin
203.1.1 Medial side of the base of the styloid process
203.2 Insertion
203.2.1 Blends between superior and middle pharyngeal constrictors within the lateral glosso-eRiglottic fold, and with the palatopharyngeus to the posterior borCler of the thyroid cartilage
203.3 Action
203.3.1 Elevation and dilation of the pharynx during early phase of swallowing
203.4 Nerve Supply
203.4.1 Muscular branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve
203.5 Arterial Supply
203.5.1 Ascending pharyngeal artery, ascending Ralatine artery, tonsillar artery, dOrsa11ing1;lal branch of the lingual artery and rami from tne superior thyroid artery
203.6 Synergists
203.6.1 For pharyngeal elevation
203.6.1.1 Salpingopharyngeus and palatopharyngeus
203.6.2 For pharyngeal dilation
203.6.2.1 None
203.7 Antagonists
203.7.1 The infrahyoid muscles lower pharynx during late stages of.sw~llowing. The pharyngeal constrictors oppose pharyngeal dilatlon
203.8 Category
203.8.1
203.9 View
203.9.1
The palatopharyngeus and the superior
.and middle pharyngeal constrlctor muscles have also been illustrated
204 SUBCLAVIUS
204.1 Origin
204.1.1 1st rib at the junction of the costal cartilage
204.2 Insertion
204.2.1 Groove on the inferior surface of the clavicle, between the costoclavicular and conoid ligaments
204.3 Action
204.3.1 Depresses clavicle, pulls it inferiorly and anteriorly
204.4 Nerve Supply
204.4.1 Subclavian branch of the brachial plexus, C5, 6
204.5 Synergists
204.5.1
204.6 Category
204.6.1
204.7 View
204.7.1 Anterior View
205 SUBSCAPULARIS (Rotator Cuff Muscle)
205.1 Origin
205.1.1 Entire anterior surface of the subscapular fossa
205.2 Insertion
205.2.1 Lesser tubercle of humerus and capsule of shoulder joint
205.3 Action
205.3.1 Medial rotation of the humerus atthe shoulder. Stabiliza- tion of the glenohumeral joint
205.3.2 Reversed origin- insertion action
205.3.2.1 When the humerus is stabilized, abducts the inferior border of the scapula
205.4 Nerve Supply
205.4.1 Upper and lower subscapular, C5, 6, 7
205.5 Synergists
205.5.1 Teres major, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi
205.6 Category
205.6.1
205.7 View
205.7.1 Anterior
View
206 SUPERFICIAL TRANSVERSE PERINEUS (SUPERFICIALIS)
206.1 Origin
206.1.1
206.2 Insertion
206.2.1
206.3 Action
206.3.1
206.4 Nerve Supply
206.4.1
206.5 Synergists
206.5.1
206.6 Category
206.6.1
207 SUPERIOR LONGITUDINAL LINGUALIS
207.1 Origin
207.1.1 The submucous fibrous tissue near the epiglottis and the median fibrous septum
207.2 Insertion
207.2.1 The lingual apex and margins of the tongue
207.3 Action
207.3.1 Shortens the tongue and turns the apex and sides upwards to make the dorsum concave
207.4 Nerve Supply
207.4.1 Hypoglossal (XII)
207.5 Arterial Supply
207.5.1 Lingual artery and its branches; dorsal -lingual and sublingual rami
207.5.2 Tonsillar rami of the facial artery
207.6 Synergists
207.6.1 For shortening the tongue
207.6.1.1 Inferior longitudinal
207.7 Antagonist
207.7.1 For raising the apex and side
207.7.1.1 Inferior longitudinal
207.8 Category
207.8.1
208 SUPERIOR OBLIQUE
208.1 Origin
208.1.1 Body of the lesser wing, of the sphenoid sureromedial to the optic canal and to the tendinous attachment o the superior rectus
208.2 Insertion
208.2.1 After traversing the trochlea, the fibrocartilaginous loop, the round tendon is Qeflected to the sclera behind the equat.or in its superol~teral posterior quadrant, between the superIOr and latera1 recti
208.3 Action
208.3.1 Elevates the posterior aspect of the eye, hence, rotates the visu.al axis (and pupil) do~ward.s (de:presslon) and laterally (abduction). In the anteroposterIor axIS, It mtorts the eye
208.4 Nerve Supply
208.4.1 Trochlear nerve (IV)
208.5 Arterial Supply
208.5.1 Muscular branch of the ophthalmic artery from the internal carotid artery
208.6 Synergists
208.6.1 Vertical axis
208.6.1.1 Lateral rectus and inferior oblique
208.6.2 Transverse axis
208.6.2.1
Inferior rectus
208.6.3 Anteroposterior axis
208.6.3.1 Superior rectus
208.7 Antagonists
208.7.1 Vertical axis: Superior rectus, medial rectus, and inferior rectus
208.7.2 Transverse axis: Inferior oblique and superior rectus
208.7.3 Anteroposterior axis: Inferior oblique and inferior rectus
208.8 Category
208.8.1
208.9 Note
208.9.1
All six extraocular muscles are
involved, and act in concert during an eye movement; synergists and antagonists
depend on 1..t~ fixation point of the eye prior to movement
209 SUPERIOR PHARYNGEAL CONSTRICTOR
209.1 Origin/Insertion
209.1.1 Anterior attachment: Pterygopharyngeal part of hamulus on medial pterygoid plate
209.1.2 Buccopharyngeal part: Pterygomandibular raphe
209.1.3 l\:Iylopharyngeal part: Posterior end of the mylohyoid lme on mandible
209.1.4 Glossopharyngeal part: A few fibres to the side of the tongue
209.1.5 Posterior attachments: The posterior median pharyngeauaphe and by an apon~urosis to the pharyngeal tubercle on the basilar part of the occipital bone
209.2 Action
209.2.1 General sphincteric and peristallic action during swalloWing
209.3 Nerve Supply
209.3.1 Pharyngeal branch of the vagus (X), with the skeletomotor branches from the cranial parts of the spinal accessory nerve that pass through the pharyngeal plexus
209.4 Arterial Supply
209.4.1 Ascending pharyngeal artery ascending Ralatine and tonsillar branches Of the facial artery. Branches of the maxillary artery; greater palatine, pha~gear and the artery of the pterygOia canal. tne dorsallingualDrancli of the lingual artery
209.5 Synergists
209.5.1 Inferior and middle pharyngeal constrictors
209.6 Antagonist
209.6.1 Stylopharyngeus dilates the pharynx
209.7 Category
209.7.1
210 SUPERIOR RECTUS
210.1 Origin
210.1.1 Superolateral margin of the optic canal on the common annular tendon
210.2 Insertion
210.2.1 Anterosuperior margin of the eye into the sclera about 7.7 mm posterior to the margin of the cornea
210.3 Action
210.3.1 Elevates the anterior aspect of the eye, hense rotates eye in the transverse axis upwards (elevation). In the vertical axis, it aids in I!1edia~ ~o~ation (adduction) of the eye. In the anteroposterIor ax1S it mtorts the eye
210.4 Nerve Supply
210.4.1 Branch from the superior division of the oculomotor nerve (III)
210.5 Arterial Supply
210.5.1 Muscular rami from the supraorbital branch of the ophthalmic artery
210.6 Synergists
210.6.1 Vertical axis: Medial and inferior rectus.
210.6.2 Transverse axis: Inferior oblique. .
210.6.3 Anteroposterior axis: Superior oblique
210.7 Antagonists
210.7.1 Vertical axis: Inferior and superior oblique, lateral rectus.
210.7.2 Transverse ttxis: Inferior rectus and superior oblique.
210.7.3 Anteroposterior axis: Inferior rectus and inferior oblique
210.8 Category
210.8.1
210.9 Note
210.9.1
All six extraocular muscles are involved,
and act in concert during an eye movement; synergists and antagonists depend on
the fiXation point of the eye prior to movement
211 SUPINATOR ?
211.1 Origin
211.1.1 Lateral epicondyle of humerus, radial collateral ligament of elbow, annular ligament of radius and the supinator crest of ulna
211.2 Insertion
211.2.1 An oblique line on the lateral anterior surface of the upper 1/3 of radius
211.3 Action
211.3.1 Supinates the forearm
211.4 Nerve Supply
211.4.1 Posterior interosseous, (deep radial) , C5, 6
211.5 Synergists
211.5.1 Biceps brachii
211.6 Category
211.6.1
211.7 View
211.7.1 Posterlor View
212 SUPRASPINATUS (Rotator Cuff Muscle)
212.1 Origin
212.1.1 Medial '2/3 of supraspinous fossa
212.2 Insertion
212.2.1 Superior surface of greater tubercle of humerus and capsule of shoulder joint
212.3 Action
212.3.1 Abduction of humerus at the shoulder joint. Stabilization of the glenohumeral joint
212.4 Nerve Supply
212.4.1 Suprascapular, C4, 5, 6
212.5 Synergists
212.5.1 Deltoid
212.6 Category
212.6.1
212.7 View
212.7.1 Posterior View
213 TEMPORALIS
213.1 Origin
213.1.1 Arises from the temporal fossa, and from the deep surface of the temporal fascia
213.2 Insertion
213.2.1 Passing between th,e zygomatic arch and cr,anial wall to the medial surface, aRex" antenor border of the coronold process and border of the mand1bular ramus
213.3 Action
213.3.1 Closes the. jaw by the anterior fibers. Posterior .fibers retract from protruslOn and thereby fiX the temporomand1bular joint. The muscle is also concerned in lateral grinding movements
213.4 Nerve Supply
213.4.1 DeeR tem poral branches from the anterior trunk of the mandibular division o the trigeminal nerve (V3)
213.5 Arterial Supply
213.5.1 Deep temporal branches of the maxillary artery... !Diddle temporal, frontal and parietal branches of the supemc1al temporal artery
213.6 Synergists
213.6.1 For closing the jaw: Masseter and medial pterygoids.
213.6.2 For retraction: None
213.7 Antagonists
213.7.1 For closipg the jaw: I,.atera,l-pter;ygoiqs and th,e digastric, mylohyold \!nd gernohyolo wlien 1nfrahyold muscles contract to fiX hyOld bone.
213.7.2 For retraction from protrusion: Lateral pterygoid
213.8 Category
213.8.1
213.9 View
213.9.1
The zygomatic arch has been removed
214 TENSOR FASCIAE LATAE
214.1 Origin
214.1.1 Anterior part of outer lip of iliac crest, outer surface of anterior superior iliac spine
214.2 Insertion
214.2.1 Iliotibial band of fascia lata on the anterolateral aspect of thigh, about 1/3 of the way down
214.3 Action
214.3.1 Thigh flexion at the hip, abduction, and medial rotation. Stabilizes the knee laterally. Tenses the iliotibial tract
214.4 Nerve Supply
214.4.1 Superior gluteal, L4, 5, S1
214.5 Synergists
214.5.1 Gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and upper fibers of the gluteus maximus
214.6 Category
214.6.1
214.7 View
214.7.1 Anterior and Lateral View
215 TENSOR TYMPANI
215.1 Origin
215.1.1 The cartilaginous part of the pharyn~otympanic tube and the adjoining part of the greater wing of tile sphenoid
215.2 Insertion
215.2.1 Reflected around the process cochleariformis to the handle of the malleus near its root
215.3 Action
215.3.1 Pulls the malleus medially thereby tensin,g the tyn:Ipanic membrane and fixing the ossicular chain (malleus, mcus and stapes)
215.4 Nerve Supply
215.4.1 Bra1:tch of the ne1Ve to the, med,ial pterygoid a ramus from the mandIbular branch of the trlgemmar nerve (V3)
215.5 Arterial Supply
215.5.1 Superior tympanic ramus from the middle meningeal branch of the maxillary artery, Other arteries of the tympanic cavitY; the anterior tym ranic Dranch of the maxillary arte;ry, the styll?mastoi~ bra,nch o the ,occipital or posterior . aurIcular arterIes, the mferlor tympanIc branch oflhe ascendmg pharyngeal artery and the caroticotympanic branch of the internal carotid artery
215.6 Synergists
215.6.1 The te!lsor tympani and stapedius act together to tense the ossIcular cham
215.7 Antagonist
215.7.1 None
215.8 Category
215.8.1
216 TENSOR VELI PALATINI
216.1 Origin
216.1.1 The scaphoid fossa of the pterygoid process, the lateral lamina of the cartilage part of the auditory tube and the medial aspect of the sphenoldaf spine
216.2 Insertion
216.2.1 By a tendon turning around the hamulus of the medial pterygoid p!ate to the .palatine aponeuro~is and the osseous surfaces behmd the palatme crest on the honzontal plate of the palatine bone
216.3 Action
216.3.1 Unilaterally: The muscle pulls the soft palate to the same side.
216.3.2 Bilaterally: It tightens the soft palate, closing off the nasopharynx and oropharynx
216.4 Nerve Supply
216.4.1 Mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve (V3)
216.5 Arterial Supply
216.5.1 Greater palatine branch of the maxillary artery, the ascending palatine artery and the ascending pharyngeal artery
216.6 Synergists
216.6.1 Levator veli palatini for closing the nasopharynx
216.7 Antagonist
216.7.1 None
216.8 Category
216.8.1
217 TERES MAJOR
217.1 Origin
217.1.1 Dorsal surface of inferior angle of the scapula on lower 1/3 of scapular axillary border
217.2 Insertion
217.2.1 Medial lip of intertubercular sulcus of humerus. Medial to latissimus dorsi tendon
217.3 Action
217.3.1 Adducts and medially rotates humerus at the shoulder. Extends the shoulder joint. REVERSED ORIGIN-INSERTION ACTION: When arm is fixed, adducts and elevates inferior angle of scapula
217.4 Nerve Supply
217.4.1 Lower subscapular, C6, 7
217.5 Synergists
217.5.1 Latissimus dorsi, subscapularis
217.6 Category
217.6.1
217.7 View
217.7.1 Posterior
View
218 TERES MINOR (Rotator Cuff Muscle)
218.1 Origin
218.1.1 Superior ;?/3 of dorsal surface of axillary border of scapula:
218.2 Insertion
218.2.1 Inferior aspect of greater tubercle of the humerus, capsule of the shoulder joint
218.3 Action
218.3.1 Lateral rotation of humerus at the shoulder, Stabilization of head of humerus. REVERSED ORIGIN- INSERTION ACTION: When humerus is stabilized, abducts the inferior angle of the scapula
218.4 Nerve Supply
218.4.1 Axillary, C4, 5, 6
218.5 Synergists
218.5.1 Infraspinatus, subscapularis
218.6 Category
218.6.1
218.7 View
218.7.1 Posterlor View
219 THYROARYTENOID VOCALIS & THYROEPIGLOTTICUS
219.1 Origin
219.1.1 The thyroid cartilage and cricothyroid ligament
219.2 Insertion
219.2.1 Vocalis: To the vocal process and anterolateral surface of the arytenoid cartilage. Thyroarytenoid: To the anterolateral arytenoid suiface and upper fovea on it. Thyroepiglotticus: To the epiglottic fold and margin
219.3 Action
219.3.1 Thyroarytenoid and vocalis: Draws the arytenoid cartilages ventrally producing vocal fold relaxation. Th):roel?iglotticus: Abduction of the aryepiglottic folCIs, widening the laryngeal inlet
219.4 Nerve Supply
219.4.1 Recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus (X)
219.5 Arterial Supply
219.5.1 Laryngeal branches from the superior and inferior thyroid arteries
219.6 Synergists
219.6.1 None
219.7 Antagonists
219.7.1 For vo.cal fqld tension. regulation: Cricothyroids and posterIor CrICoarytenolds. For laryngeal ~nlet modification: Oblique arytenoids ahJ aryeplglottlCUS
219.8 Category
219.8.1
220 THYTROHYOID (INFRAHYOID)
220.1 Origin
220.1.1 Oblique line of thyroid lamina
220.2 Insertion
220.2.1 Lower border of the greater cornu and adjacent body of hyoid
220.3 Action
220.3.1 Hyoid depression and/or elevation of the larynx
220.4 Nerve Supply
220.4.1 Branches of Cl traveling with the hypoglossal nerve
220.5 Arterial Supply
220.5.1 Superior thyroid artery and its branches; infrahyoid~ cricohy<?id apd superior laryngeal arteries. Muscular branches Ifom the mfenor thyroId artery
220.6 Synergists
220.6.1 For hyoid d~pression: Sternohyoid, omohyoid and sternothyroId. For laryngeal elevation: Indirectly suprahyoid muscles and stylopharyngeus
220.7 Antagonists
220.7.1 For .hyoid; depression: Digastric, mylohyoid and gemohyold. For laryngeal elevation: Sternothyroid
220.8 Category
220.8.1
221 TIBIALIS ANTERIOR
221.1 Origin
221.1.1 Lateral condyle of tibia, proximal 0/3 of lateral surface of tibia, interosseous membrane, deep fascia and lateral intermus- cular septum
221.2 Insertion
221.2.1 Plantar surface of base of first metatarsal and medial plantar surface of first cuneiform
221.3 Action
221.3.1 Dorsiflexes and inverts foot at the ankle. REVERSED ORIGIN-INSERTION ACTION: When standing, the foot is fixed and becomes the origin. Action causes forward body lean antagonistic to the plantar flexion of the soleus and gastroc- nemius. Active in the balance mechanism of anterior and posterior sway
221.4 Nerve Supply
221.4.1 Deep peroneal, L4, 5
221.5 Synergists
221.5.1 Extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum lon- gus
221.6 Category
221.6.1
221.7 View
221.7.1 Anterior and Plantar View
222 TIBIALIS POSTERIOR
222.1 Origin
222.1.1 Lateral part of posterior surface of tibia, proximal :?/3 of medial surface of fibula, interosseous membrane, intermuscular septa and deep fascia
222.2 Insertion
222.2.1 Tuberosity of navicular bone with branches to sus- tenaculum tali of calcaneus, plantar surfaces of all three cuneiforms and cuboid and to bases of the 2nd , 3rd and 4th metatarsal bones
222.3 Action
222.3.1 Inverts and plantar flexes the foot at the ankle. Medial ankle stabilizer
222.4 Nerve Supply
222.4.1 Tibial, L4, 5
222.5 Synergists
222.5.1 Flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus
222.6 Category
222.6.1
222.7 VIew
222.7.1 Posterior and Plantar View
223 TRANSVERSUS ABDOMINIS
223.1 Origin
223.1.1 : Lateral 1/3 of the inquinalligament, anterior ';/3 of inner lip of the iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia and from the inner edges of the lower 6 costal cartilages
223.2 Insertion
223.2.1 The linea alba by its aponeurosis
223.3 Action
223.3.1 Constricts abdominal contents; assists in forced expira- tion
223.4 Nerve Supply
223.4.1 Branches of the 7th .12th intercostal and the iliohypogastric and ilioinquinal nerves, L 1
223.5 Synergists
223.5.1
223.6 Category
223.6.1
223.7 View
223.7.1 Lateral View
224 TRANSVERSE ARYTENOID
224.1 Origin/Insertion
224.1.1 Arises from, and inserts onto, the medial aspects of the contralateral muscular process and posterior suifaces of arytenoids
224.2 Action
224.2.1 The a~enoid cartilages are adducted and the attached vocal folds close (closure of the rima glottis)
224.3 Nerve Supply
224.3.1 Recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve (X)
224.4 Arterial Supply
224.4.1 SuRerior laryngeal branch of the suRerior thyroid artery and the inferior laryngeal branch of the inferior thyroid artery
224.5 Synergists
224.5.1 Lateral cricoarytenoids
224.6 Antagonist
224.6.1 Posterior cricoarytenoids
224.7 Category
224.7.1
225 TRANSVERSE LINGUALIS (BODY OF TONGUE)
225.1 Origin
225.1.1 Median fibrous septum
225.2 Insertion
225.2.1 The submucous fibrous tissue at the lingual margin, posteriorly blending with the palatoglossal muscle (via palatoglossal arch)
225.3 Action
225.3.1 Narrows and elongates the tongue
225.4 Nerve Supply
225.4.1 Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
225.5 Arterial Supply
225.5.1 Lingual artery and its branches, dorsal lingual and sublingual rami. Tonsillar rami of the facial artery
225.6 Synergists
225.6.1 None
225.7 Antagonist
225.7.1 None
225.8 Category
225.8.1
226 TRANSVERSE PERINEUS (PROFUNDUS)
226.1 Origin
226.1.1
226.2 Insertion
226.2.1
226.3 Action
226.3.1
226.4 Nerve Supply
226.4.1
226.5 Synergists
226.5.1
226.6 Category
226.6.1
227 TRAPEZIUS LOWER (Lower Division)
227.1 Origin
227.1.1 Spinous processes of 6th -12th thoracic vertebrae
227.2 Insertion
227.2.1 Medial 1/3 of spine of the scapula
227.3 Action
227.3.1 Depresses the scapula. Retracts the scapula. Rotates the scapula upwards so the glenoid cavity faces superiorly. Gives inferior stabilization of scapula-,fJds to maintain spine in extension
227.4 Nerve Supply
227.4.1 Spinal accessory and ventral rami C3, 4
227.5 Synergists
227.5.1 Trapezius upper and lower divisions
227.6 Category
227.6.1
227.7 View
227.7.1 Posterior
View
228 TRAPEZIUS MIDDLE
228.1 Origin
228.1.1 Spinous processes of 1st -Sth thoracic vertebrae
228.2 Insertion
228.2.1 Superior border of spine of scapula
228.3 Action
228.3.1 Retracts and aids in elevation of scapula
228.4 Nerve Supply
228.4.1 Spinal accessory and ventral rami, C3, 4
228.5 Synergists
228.5.1 Rhomboids, levator scapulae, upper and lower divisions of trapezius
228.6 Category
228.6.1
228.7 View
228.7.1 Posterior View
229 TRAPEZIUS UPPER
229.1 Origin
229.1.1 External occipital protuberance, medial 1/3 of superior nuchal line, ligamentum nuchae and spinous process of the 7th cervical vertebra
229.2 Insertion
229.2.1 Lateral 1/3 of clavicle and acromion process
229.3 Action
229.3.1 Elevates the scapula as in shrugging the shoulders. Rotates the scapula upwards so the glenoid cavity faces superiorly, when acting with the other sections of the trapezius it retracts the scapula. REVERSED ORIGIN-INSERTION ACTION: Laterally flexes head and neck to side of contraction. Rotates head and neck away from side of contraction. Acting bilaterally, extends the head and neck
229.4 Nerve Supply
229.4.1 Spinal accessory and ventral rami of C3, 4
229.5 Synergists
229.5.1 Levator scapulae, clavicular head of the ster- nocleidomastoid, middle and lower trapezius
229.6 Category
229.6.1
229.7 View
229.7.1 Posterior View
230 TRICEPS BRACHII
230.1 Origin
230.1.1 LONG HEAD: Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula. LATERAL HEAD: Superior 1/2 of posterior lateral surface of humerus. MEDIAL HEAD: Inferior '2/3 on the posterior surface of the humerus
230.2 Insertion
230.2.1 Supraposterior surface of the olecranon process of the ulna and deep fascia of the forearm
230.3 Action
230.3.1 Extends forearm at the elbow. Long head aids in adduc- tion and extension of the arm at the shoulder
230.4 Nerve Supply
230.4.1 Radial, C6, 7, 8, with separate branches for each head
230.5 Synergists
230.5.1 Anconeus
230.6 Category
230.6.1
230.7 View
230.7.1 Posterior
View
231 URETHRAL SPHINCTER
231.1 Origin
231.1.1
231.2 Insertion
231.2.1
231.3 Action
231.3.1
231.4 Nerve Supply
231.4.1
231.5 Synergists
231.5.1
231.6 Category
231.6.1
232 VASTUS INTERMEDIUS (QUADRICEPS FEMORIS) (1 of 4 Quadriceps)
232.1 Origin
232.1.1 Proximal ;?/3 of the anterolateral surface of the femur, lower 1/2 of the linea aspera, upper part of the lateral supracondylar line, lateral intermuscular septum
232.2 Insertion
232.2.1 By tendons of the rectus and vasti muscles into the superior border of the patella and through the patellar ligament into the tibial tuberosity
232.3 Action
232.3.1 Extends the leg at the knee
232.4 Nerve Supply
232.4.1 Femoral, L2, 3, 4
232.5 Synergists
232.5.1 Rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis
232.6 Gray
232.6.1 The Articularis genu (Subcrureus) (Fig. 430) is a small muscle, usually distinct from the Vastus intermedius, but occasionally blended with it; it arises from the anterior surface of the lower part of the body of the femur, and is inserted into the upper part of the synovial membrane of the knee-joint. It sometimes consists of several separate muscular bundles. Discussion
232.7 Category
232.7.1
232.8 View
232.8.1 Anterior View
233 VASTUS LATERALIS (Quadriceps Femoris) (1 of 4 Quadriceps)
233.1 Origin
233.1.1 Upper part of intertrochanteric line, anterior and lower borders of greater trochanter, lateral lip of gluteal tuberosity , upper half of linea aspera, lateral intermuscular septum, and tendon of the gluteus maximus
233.2 Insertion
233.2.1 Lateral border of the patella and through the patellar ligament into the tibial tuberosity
233.3 Action
233.3.1 Extends the leg at the knee and draws the patella laterally
233.4 Nerve Supply
233.4.1 Femoral, L2, 3, 4
233.5 Synergists
233.5.1 Rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis
233.6 Category
233.6.1
233.7 View
233.7.1 Anterior View
234 VASTUS MEDIALIS (Quadriceps Femoris) (1 of 4 Quadriceps)
234.1 Origin
234.1.1 Lower 1/2 of the intertrochanteric line, medial lip of linea aspera, upper part of medial supracondylar line, medial intermus- cular septum, tendons of adductor magnus and adductor longus
234.2 Insertion
234.2.1 Medial border of the patella and through the ligamen- tum patellae into the tibial tuberosity
234.3 Action
234.3.1 Extends the leg at the knee and draws the patella medially
234.4 Nerve Supply
234.4.1 Femoral, L2, 3, 4
234.5 Synergists
234.5.1 Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus inter- medius
234.6 Category
234.6.1
234.7 View
234.7.1 Anterior View
235 VERTICAL LINGUALIS (BODY OF TONGUE)
235.1 Origin/Insertion
235.1.1 Dorsal to the ventral aspects of the tongue, in the anterolateral regions
235.2 Action
235.2.1 Flattens and widens the tongue
235.3 Nerve Supply
235.3.1 Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
235.4 Arterial Supply
235.4.1 Lingual artery and its branches; dorsal lingual and rami
235.5 Synergists
235.5.1 None
235.6 Antagonist
235.6.1 None
235.7 Category
235.7.1
236 ZYGOMATICUS MAJOR
236.1 Origin
236.1.1 The zygomatic bone anterior of the zygomaticotemporal suture
236.2 Insertion
236.2.1 The II:tod!olus, blending with the fibers of the !eva~or and depressor angulI OrIS and muscular bands of the orbIcularIs OrIS
236.3 Action
236.3.1 Retracts and elevates the modiolus and angle of mouth. Fixes the modiolus
236.4 Nerve Supply
236.4.1 Superior buccal branches of the facial nerve (VII)
236.5 Arterial Supply
236.5.1 Branches from the facial and transverse facial arteries
236.6 Synergists
236.6.1 For elevation of the modiolus: Levator anguli oris. For elevatio.1:t of the. b~ccal angle: La!eral slip of th levato.r )abll superlOr}s al3;eque nasI, levator labll superlorls and zygomatIcus mInor
236.7 Antagonists
236.7.1 Orbicularis oris, depressor anguli oris and platysma
236.8 Category
236.8.1
236.9 Note
236.9.1
Denotes modiolus
237 ZYGOMATICUS MINOR
237.1 Origin
237.1.1 The zygomatic bone behind the zygomaticomaxillary suture
237.2 Insertion
237.2.1 The upper lip blending with the levator labii supenons and zygomaficus major
237.3 Action
237.3.1 Elevates the upper lip. Assists in elevating nasolabial furrow
237.4 Nerve Supply
237.4.1 Superior buccal branches of the facial nerve (VII)
237.5 Arterial Supply
237.5.1 Branches from the facial and transverse facial arteries
237.6 Synergists
237.6.1 For direct labial traction: Lateral slip of levator labii superioris alaeque nasi and labii supenoris . For modiolar deviation: Levator anguli and zygomaticus major
237.7 Antagonists
237.7.1 Orbicularis oris and depressor anguli oris
237.8 Category
237.8.1
238
238.1 Origin
238.1.1
238.2 Insertion
238.2.1
238.3 Action
238.3.1
238.4 Nerve Supply
238.4.1
238.5 Synergists
238.5.1
238.6 Category
238.6.1