Muscle Discussions
Copyright Feb
2003 Ted Nissen.
1 ABDUCTOR DIGITI MINIMI (FOOT)
1name
2 ABDUCTOR DIGITI MINIMI (HAND)
13 BICEPS FEMORIS (Lateral Hamstring)
17 BULBOCAVERNOSUS
(BULBOSPONGIOSUS)
19 COCCYGEUS (ISCHIOCOCCYGEUS)
22 CRICOARYTENOID LATERAL &
POSTERIOR
32 DIGASTRIC ANT & POST BELLY
(SUPRAHYOID)
36 EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS BREVIS
37 EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS LONGUS
48 EXTERNAL ABDOMINAL OBLIQUE=ANT
DIV
49 EXTERNAL ABDOMINAL OBLIQUE=LAT
DIV
52 EXTRINSIC AURICULAR MUSCLES
55 FLEXOR DIGITI MINIMI BREVIS
(FOOT)
56 FLEXOR DIGITI MINIMI BREVIS
(HAND)
60 FLEXOR DIGITORUM SUPERFICIALIS
67 GEMELLUS INFERIOR (1 of 6
Deep Lateral Rotators of Femur)
68 GEMELLUS SUPERIOR (1 of 6
Deep Lateral Rotators of Femur)
82 INFERIOR LONGITUDINAL LINGUALIS
84 INFERIOR PHARYNGEAL CONSTRICTOR
86 INFRASPINATUS (Rotator Cuff Muscle)
87 INTERNAL ABDOMINAL OBLIQUE (Anterior
Division)
88 INTERNAL ABDOMINAL OBLIQUE
(Lateral Division)
92 INTRINSIC AURICULAR MUSCLES
98 LEVATOR ANGULI ORIS(CANINUS)
99 LEVATOR ANI, ILIAC PART(ILIOCOCCYGEUS)
100 LEVATOR ANI, PUBIC
PART(PUBOCOCCYGEUS)
102 LEVATOR LABII SUPERIORIS ALAEQUE
NASI
103 LEVATOR PALPEBRAE SUPERIORIS
120 MIDDLE PHARYNGEAL CONSTRICTOR
125 NASALIS (COMPRESSOR & DILATOR
NARIS)
126 OBLIQUE ARYTENOID &
ARYEPIGLOTTICUS
129 OBTURATOR EXTERNUS (1 of 6
Deep Lateral Rotators of Femur)
130 OBTURATOR INTERNUS (1 of 6
Deep Lateral Rotators of Femur)
132 OMOHYOID SUPERIOR & INFERIOR
(INFRAHYOID)
137 PALATOGLOSSUS (Palatoglossal
arch; Anterior pillar)
138 PALATOPHARYNGEUS
(Palatopharyngeal arch; Posterior pillar)
143 PECTORALIS MAJOR CLAVICULAR
149 PIRIFORMIS (1 of 6 Deep
Lateral Rotators of Femur)
161 QUADRATUS FEMORIS (1 of 6 Deep
Lateral Rotators of the Femur)
164 RECTUS ABDOMINIS (4 Divisions as
1)
167 RECTUS CAPITIS POSTERIOR MAJOR
168 RECTUS CAPITIS POSTERIOR MINOR
169 RECTUS FEMORIS (Quadriceps
Femoris) (1 of 4 Quadriceps)
180 SEMIMEMBRANOSUS (Medial
Hamstring)
184 SEMITENDINOSUS (Medial
Hamstring)
186 SERRATUS POSTERIOR INFERIOR
187 SERRATUS POSTERIOR SUPERIOR
200 STERNOTHYROID (INFRAHYOID)
205 SUBSCAPULARIS (Rotator Cuff
Muscle)
206 SUPERFICIAL TRANSVERSE PERINEUS
(SUPERFICIALIS)
207 SUPERIOR LONGITUDINAL LINGUALIS
209 SUPERIOR PHARYNGEAL CONSTRICTOR
212 SUPRASPINATUS (Rotator Cuff
Muscle)
218 TERES MINOR (Rotator Cuff Muscle)
219 THYROARYTENOID VOCALIS &
THYROEPIGLOTTICUS
225 TRANSVERSE LINGUALIS (BODY OF TONGUE)
226 TRANSVERSE PERINEUS (PROFUNDUS)
227 TRAPEZIUS LOWER (Lower Division)
232 VASTUS INTERMEDIUS (QUADRICEPS
FEMORIS) (1 of 4 Quadriceps)
233 VASTUS LATERALIS (Quadriceps
Femoris) (1 of 4 Quadriceps)
234 VASTUS MEDIALIS (Quadriceps
Femoris) (1 of 4 Quadriceps)
235 VERTICAL LINGUALIS (BODY OF
TONGUE)
1 ABDUCTOR DIGITI MINIMI (FOOT) 1name
Back Table of
Contents Illustration
1.1 Word Derivation
1.1.1 Abductor=Moves part away from midline
1.1.2 Digit=Finger or toe
1.1.3 Minimi= Little finger or toe
1.2 Origin
1.2.1 Medial and lateral processes of the tuberosity of calcaneus
1.3 Insertion
1.3.1 Lateral side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the fifth toe
1.4 Action
1.4.1 Abducts the fifth toe away from the fourth toe
1.5 Nerve Supply
1.5.1 Nerve
1.5.1.1 Lateral plantar nerve
1.5.2 Roots
1.5.2.1 S2
1.5.2.2 S3
1.6 Synergists
1.6.1 None
1.7 Category
1.7.1 Intrinsic Foot Plantar First Superficial Layer (IFP1)
1.8 View (When Illustrated Individually)
1.8.1 Plantar View (First Plantar Layer)
2 ABDUCTOR DIGITI MINIMI (HAND)
2.1 Word Derivation
2.1.1 Abductor=Moves part away from midline
2.1.2 Digit=Finger or toe
2.1.3 Minimi= Little finger or toe
2.2 Origin
2.2.1 Pisiform bone
2.2.2 Tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris
2.3 Insertion
2.3.1 Two slips
2.3.1.1 Ulnar side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the little finger
2.3.1.2 Ulnar border of the extensor expansion of the finger
2.4 Action
2.4.1 Abducts the little finger
2.4.2 Assists in flexing its proximal phalanx at the metacarpophalangeal joint
2.5 Nerve Supply
2.5.1 Nerve
2.5.1.1 Ulnar (Deep Branch)
2.5.2 Roots
2.5.2.1 C8
2.5.2.2 T1
2.6 Synergists
2.6.1 Flexor digiti minimi brevis
2.6.2 Opponens digiti minimi
2.7 Category
2.7.1 Intrinsic Hand Hypothenar (IHH)
2.8 View (When Illustrated Individually)
2.8.1 Anterior
3 ABDUCTOR HALLUCIS
3.1 Word Derivation
3.1.1 Abductor=Moves part away from midline
3.1.2 Hallucis= Hallux or Great toe
3.2 Origin
3.2.1 Medial process of tuberosity of the calcaneus
3.2.2 Flexor retinaculum
3.2.3 Plantar aponeurosis
3.2.4 Intermuscular septum
3.3 Insertion
3.3.1 Medial tendon of the flexor hallucis brevis
3.3.2 Medial side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the big toe
3.4 Action
3.4.1 Abducts the big toe from the mid line of the foot
3.5 Nerve Supply
3.5.1 Nerve
3.5.1.1 Medial plantar
3.5.2 Roots
3.5.2.1 S2
3.5.2.2 S3
3.6 Synergists
3.6.1 None
3.7 Category
3.7.1 Intrinsic Foot Plantar First Superficial Layer (IFP1)
3.8 View (When Illustrated Individually)
3.8.1 Plantar View (First Plantar Layer)
4 ABDUCTOR POLLICIS BREVIS
4.1 Word Derivation
4.1.1 Abductor=Moves part away from midline
4.1.2 Pollex= Thumb
4.1.3 Brevis=Short
4.2 Origin
4.2.1 Flexor retinaculum
4.2.2 Tubercles of the scaphoid and trapezium
4.3 Insertion
4.3.1 Radial side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb
4.4 Action
4.4.1 Abduction of the proximal phalanx and the metacarpal of the thumb
4.4.2 Medial rotation of the proximal phalanx and the metacarpal of the thumb
4.5 Nerve Supply
4.5.1 Nerve
4.5.1.1 Median
4.5.2 Roots
4.5.2.1 C8
4.5.2.2 T1
4.6 Synergists
4.6.1 Abductor pollicis longus
4.6.2 Extensor pollicis brevis
4.7 Category
4.7.1 Intrinsic Hand Thenar (ITT)
4.8 View (When Illustrated Individually)
4.8.1 Anterior View
5 ABDUCTOR POLLICIS LONGUS
5.1 Word Derivation
5.1.1 Abductor=Moves part away from midline
5.1.2 Pollex= Thumb
5.1.3 Longus=Long
5.2 Origin
5.2.1 Small facet of the ulnar side of the radius near its middle
5.2.2 Lateral side of the dorsal surface on the body of the ulna just below the insertion of the anconeus and the interosseous membrane
5.3 Insertion
5.3.1 The radial side of the base of the first metacarpal
5.4 Action
5.4.1 Abducts the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
5.4.2 Assists in extension of the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
5.5 Nerve Supply
5.5.1 Nerve
5.5.1.1 Posterior interosseous nerve (deep radial nerve)
5.5.2 Roots
5.5.2.1 C7
5.5.2.2 C8
5.6 Synergists
5.6.1 Abductor pollicis brevis
5.6.2 Extensor pollicis brevis
5.7 Category
5.7.1 Wrist, Hand, and Fingers Posterior Extensors Deep (WHFPED)
5.8 View (When Illustrated Individually)
5.8.1 Posterior
6 ADDUCTOR BREVIS
6.1 Word Derivation
6.1.1 Adductor=Moves part towards the midline
6.1.2 Brevis=Short
6.2 Origin
6.2.1 Outer surface of body and inferior ramus of pubis
6.3 Insertion
6.3.1 On a line extending from lesser trochanter to upper part of linea aspera
6.4 Action
6.4.1 Hip adduction
6.4.2 Hip flexion
6.4.3 Hip medial rotation
6.5 Nerve Supply
6.5.1 Nerve
6.5.1.1 Obturator
6.5.2 Roots
6.5.2.1 L2
6.5.2.2 L3
6.5.2.3 L4
6.6 Synergists
6.6.1 Adductor magnus
6.6.2 Adductor longus
6.6.3 Gracilis
6.6.4 Pectineus
6.7 Category
6.7.1 Thigh Adductor Compartment (TAD)
6.8 View (When Illustrated Individually)
6.8.1 Anterior
7 ADDUCTOR HALLUCIS
7.1 Word Derivation
7.1.1 Adductor=Moves part towards the midline
7.1.2 Hallucis= Hallux or Great toe
7.2 Origin
7.2.1 Oblique head
7.2.1.1 Bases of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th metatarsals
7.2.2 Transverse head
7.2.2.1 Plantar Metatarsophalangeal ligaments of the 3rd, 4th and 5th toes
7.2.2.2 Deep transverse metatarsal ligaments
7.3 Insertion
7.3.1 Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of big toe
7.4 Action
7.4.1 Adducts the big toe towards the 2nd toe
7.5 Joints
7.5.1 Metatarsophalangeal joint of big toe
7.6 Nerve Supply
7.6.1 Nerve
7.6.1.1 Lateral plantar nerve
7.6.2 Roots
7.6.2.1 S2
7.6.2.2 S3
7.7 Synergists
7.7.1
7.8 Category
7.8.1 Intrinsic Foot Plantar Third Layer (IFP3)
7.9 View (When Illustrated Individually)
7.9.1 Plantar
8 ADDUCTOR LONGUS
8.1 Word Derivation
8.1.1 Adductor=Moves part towards the midline
8.1.2 Longus=Long
8.2 Origin
8.2.1 Front of pubis in angle between crest and symphysis
8.3 Insertion
8.3.1 Middle 1/3 of medial lip of linea aspera
8.4 Joints
8.4.1 Hip
8.5 Action
8.5.1 Adduction
8.5.2 Flexion
8.5.3 Medial rotation
8.6 Nerve Supply
8.6.1 Nerve
8.6.1.1 Obturator
8.6.2 Roots
8.6.2.1 L2
8.6.2.2 L3
8.6.2.3 L4
8.7 Synergists
8.7.1 Gracilis
8.7.2 Adductor magnus
8.7.3 Pectineus
8.7.4 Adductor brevis
8.8 Category
8.8.1 Thigh Adductor Compartment (TAD)
8.9 View (When Illustrated Individually)
8.9.1 Anterior
9 ADDUCTOR MAGNUS
9.1 Word Derivation
9.1.1 Adductor=Moves part towards the midline
9.1.2 Magnus=Large
9.2 Origin
9.2.1 POSTERIOR FIBERS
9.2.1.1 Ischial tuberosity
9.2.2 ANTERIOR FIBERS
9.2.2.1 Ramus of ischium
9.2.2.2 Pubis
9.3 Insertion
9.3.1 Line extending from the gluteal tuberosity along the linea aspera
9.3.2 Medial supracondylar line
9.3.3 Adductor tubercle on medial condyle of femur
9.4 Joints
9.4.1 Hip
9.5 Action
9.5.1 Adduction
9.5.2 Extension
9.5.2.1 . Note
9.5.2.1.1 Fibers arising from ischium and ramus of ischium primarily
insert distally and aid in hip extension
9.5.3 Flexion
9.5.3.1 Note
9.5.3.1.1 Fibers arising from ramus of pubis insert proximally and aid in hip flexion.
9.5.4 Medial rotation
9.6 Nerve Supply
9.6.1 Posterior fibers
9.6.1.1 Nerve
9.6.1.1.1 Tibial portion of sciatic
9.6.1.2 Roots
9.6.1.2.1 L4
9.6.1.2.2 L5
9.6.1.2.3 S1
9.6.2 Anterior fibers
9.6.2.1 Nerve
9.6.2.1.1 Obturator
9.6.2.2 Roots
9.6.2.2.1 L2
9.6.2.2.2 L3
9.6.2.2.3 L4
9.7 Synergists
9.7.1 Adductor brevis
9.7.2 Adductor longus
9.7.3 Pectineus
9.7.4 Gracilis
9.8 Category
9.8.1 Thigh Adductor Compartment (TAD)
9.9 View (When Illustrated Individually)
9.9.1 Anterior
10 ADDUCTOR POLLICIS
10.1 Word Derivation
10.1.1 Adductor=Moves part towards the midline
10.1.2 Pollex= Thumb
10.2 Origin
10.2.1 OBLIQUE HEAD
10.2.1.1 Capitate bone
10.2.1.2 Bases of the 2nd and 3rd metacarpal bones
10.2.2 TRANSVERSE HEAD
10.2.2.1 Distal 2/3 of the palmar surface of the 3rd metacarpal bone
10.3 Insertion
10.3.1 Two heads converge to insert on the ulnar side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb
10.4 Joints
10.4.1 Carpometacarpal (CMJ)
10.4.2 Metacarpophalangeal (MPJ)
10.5 Action
10.5.1 Adduction (1st CMJ) (Thumb)
10.5.2 Adduction (1st MPJ) (Thumb)
10.5.3 Flexion (1st MPJ) (Thumb)
10.6 Nerve Supply
10.6.1 Nerve
10.6.1.1 Ulnar (Deep branch)
10.6.2 Roots
10.6.2.1 C8
10.6.2.2 T1
10.7 Synergists
10.7.1 Flexor pollicis brevis
10.7.2 Flexor pollicis longus
10.7.3 Opponens pollicis
10.8 Category
10.8.1 Intrinsic Hand Thenar (IHT)
10.9 View (When Illustrated Individually)
10.9.1 Anterior
11 ANCONEUS
11.1 Word Derivation
11.1.1 Anconeal=Pertaining to elbow
11.2 Origin
11.2.1 Posterior surface of lateral epicondyle of humerus
11.3 Insertion
11.3.1 Lateral side of olecranon process
11.3.2 Posterior surface of proximal portion of ulna
11.4 Joints
11.4.1 Elbow
11.4.2 Radioulnar (RU)
11.5 Action
11.5.1 Extension (Elbow)
11.5.2 Pronation (RU)
11.6 Nerve Supply
11.6.1 Nerve
11.6.1.1 Radial
11.6.2 Roots
11.6.2.1 C7
11.6.2.2 C8
11.6.2.3 T1
11.7 Synergists
11.7.1 Triceps Brachii
11.8 Category
11.8.1 Forearm Extensors (FAE)
11.9 View (When Illustrated Individually)
11.9.1 Posterior
12 BICEPS BRACHII
12.1 Word Derivation
12.1.1 Biceps=Two heads of origin
12.1.2 Brachion=Arm
12.2 Origin
12.2.1 Long head
12.2.1.1 Supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
12.2.2 Short head
12.2.2.1 Apex of coracoid process of the scapula
12.3 Insertion
12.3.1 Radial tuberosity and bicipital aponeurosis
12.4 Joints
12.4.1 Glenohumeral (GH)
12.4.2 Elbow
12.4.3 Radioulnar (RU)
12.5 Action
12.5.1 Flexion (Elbow)
12.5.2 Supination (RU)
12.5.3 Flexion (GH)
12.5.4 Reversed origin-insertion action
12.5.4.1 Both heads of the biceps brachii are active during flexion of the arm at the shoulder joint, with the long head being more active.
12.6 Nerve Supply
12.6.1 Nerve
12.6.1.1 Musculocutaneous
12.6.1.1.1
Separate
branches to each head
12.6.2
Roots
12.6.2.1 C5
12.6.2.2 C6
12.7 Synergists
12.7.1 Brachialis
12.7.2 Brachioradialis
12.7.3 Supinator
12.8 Category
12.8.1 Forearm Flexors (FAF)
12.9 View (When Illustrated Individually)
12.9.1 Anterior
13 BICEPS FEMORIS (Lateral Hamstring)
13.1 Word Derivation
13.1.1 Biceps=Two heads of origin
13.1.2 Femoris=Femur
13.2 Origin
13.2.1 Long head
13.2.1.1 Ischial tuberosity
13.2.1.2 Sacrotuberous ligament
13.2.2 Short head
13.2.2.1 Lateral lip of linea aspera
13.2.2.2 Lateral supracondylar line of femur
13.2.2.3 Lateral intermuscular septum
13.3 Insertion
13.3.1 Lateral side of the head of the fibula
13.3.2 Lateral condyle of the tibia
13.3.3 Deep fascia on the lateral side of the leg
13.4 Joints
13.4.1 Knee
13.4.2 Hip
13.5 Action
13.5.1 Flexion (Knee)
13.5.2 Lateral rotation (Knee)
13.5.3 Extension (Hip)
13.5.4 Adduction (Hip)
13.5.5 Lateral Rotation (Hip)
13.5.6 Note
13.5.6.1 When the hip is extended the long head of the biceps Femoris is placed at a mechanical disadvantage in knee extension. The short head of the biceps Femoris then becomes the primary knee flexor.
13.5.7 Reversed origin-insertion action
13.5.7.1 The long head gives posterior stability to the pelvis and extends the pelvis on the hip.
13.6 Nerve Supply
13.6.1 LONG HEAD
13.6.1.1 Nerve
13.6.1.1.1
Sciatic (Tibial
Portion)
13.6.1.2 Roots
13.6.1.2.1
L5
13.6.1.2.2
S1
13.6.1.2.3 S2
13.6.2 Short head
13.6.2.1 Nerve
13.6.2.1.1 Sciatic (Common peroneal portion)
13.6.2.2 Roots
13.6.2.2.1 L5
13.6.2.2.2 S1
13.6.2.2.3 S2
13.7 Synergists
13.7.1 Semimembranosus
13.7.2 Semitendinosus
13.7.3 Gracilis
13.7.4 Sartorius
13.7.5 Gastrocnemius
13.8 Category
13.8.1 Leg Posterior Flexor Compartment (LPF)
13.9 View (When Illustrated Individually)
13.9.1 Posterior
14 BRACHIALIS
14.1 Word Derivation
14.1.1 Brachion=Arm
14.2 Origin
14.2.1 Lower 1/2 of the anterior surface of the humerus
14.3 Insertion
14.3.1 Tuberosity and coronoid process of the ulna
14.4 Joints
14.4.1 Elbow
14.5 Action
14.5.1 Flexion
14.6 Nerve Supply
14.6.1 Nerve
14.6.1.1 Musculocutaneous
14.6.1.2 Radial
14.6.2 Roots
14.6.2.1 C5 (Musculocutaneous)
14.6.2.2 C6 (Musculocutaneous)
14.6.2.3 C7 (Radial)
14.7 Synergists
14.7.1 Brachioradialis
14.7.2 Biceps brachii
14.8 Category
14.8.1 Forearm Flexors (FAF)
15 BRACHIORADIALIS
15.1 Word Derivation
15.1.1 Brachion=Arm
15.1.2 Radialis=Radius
15.2 Origin
15.2.1 Proximal 2/3 of the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus and lateral intermuscular septum
15.3 Insertion
15.3.1 Lateral side of base of styloid process of the radius
15.4 Joints
15.4.1 Elbow
15.4.2 Radioulnar (RU) Distal
15.5 Action
15.5.1 Flexion
15.5.2 Pronation (To midposition when joint is supinated) (RU) Distal
15.5.3 Supination (To midposition when joint is Pronated) (RU) Distal
15.6 Nerve Supply
15.6.1 Nerve
15.6.1.1 Radial
15.6.2 Roots
15.6.2.1 C5
15.6.2.2 C6
15.6.2.3 C7
15.7 Synergists
15.7.1 Brachialis
15.7.2 Biceps brachii
15.8 Category
15.8.1 Forearm Flexors (FAF)
16 BUCCINATOR
16.1 Word Derivation
16.1.1 Bucc=Cheek
16.2 Origin
16.2.1 Upper attachment
16.2.1.1 External surfaces of the alveolar process of the three molar teeth on the maxilla, crossing the maxillary tuberosity to the pterygold hamulus
16.2.2 Middle attachment
16.2.2.1 Anterior border of the pterygomandibular raphe
16.2.3 Inferior attachment
16.2.3.1 External surfaces of the alveolar processes of the three molar teeth on the mandible, crossing the junction of the ramus and body to the posterior end of the mylohyoid line
16.3 Insertion
16.3.1 Upper fibers
16.3.1.1 Blend with upper fibers of orbicularis oris.
16.3.2 Middle fibers
16.3.2.1 Decussate (cross) so that lower and upper ones continue into upper and lower parts of the orbicularis oris
16.3.3 Lower fibers
16.3.3.1 Blend with lower fibers of orbicularis oris
16.4 Action
16.4.1 Compresses the cheeks against the teeth
16.4.2 Draws angle of the mouth laterally.
16.5 Nerve Supply
16.5.1 Inferior buccal branches of the facial nerve (VII)
16.6 Arterial supply
16.6.1 Buccal (Maxillary)
16.6.2 Facial
16.6.3 Transverse facial
16.7 Synergists
16.7.1 Risorius
16.8 Antagonists
16.8.1 Orbicularis oris
16.9 Category
16.9.1 Facial Expression (FE)
17 BULBOCAVERNOSUS (BULBOSPONGIOSUS)
17.1 Word Derivation
17.1.1 Bulbus=Bulb
17.1.2 Caverna=Hollow
17.2 Origin
17.2.1 Central tendon of perineum
17.3 Insertion
17.3.1 Inferior fascia of urogenital diaphragm
17.3.2 Corpus spongiosum of penis
17.3.3 Deep fascia on dorsum of penis in male
17.3.4 Pubic arch and root and dorsum of clitoris in female
17.4 Action
17.4.1 Helps expel last drops of urine during micturition
17.4.2 Propel semen along urethra
17.4.3 Assist in erection of the penis in male
17.4.4 Decreases vaginal orifice and assists in erection of clitoris in female
17.5 Nerve Supply
17.5.1 Perineal branch of pudendal nerve
17.6 Synergists
17.6.1
17.7 Category
17.7.1 Perineum (PRN)
18 CILIARY MUSCLE
18.1 Origin
18.1.1 Scleral spur
18.2 Insertion
18.2.1 Stroma of the choroid
18.3 Action
18.3.1 Modify the shape of the lens to adjust for near (lens thickening) or distant Vision (lens thinning)
18.4 Nerve Supply
18.4.1 Near vision
18.4.1.1 Parasympathetic fibers through the Oculomotor nerve (III), from Edinger-Westphal nucleus
18.4.2 Distant vision
18.4.2.1 Sympathetic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion passing into the eye as the long ciliary nerves
18.5 Arterial supply
18.5.1 Long posterior and anterior ciliary rami from the ophthalmic and lacrimal branches of the internal carotid artery
18.6 Synergists
18.6.1 None
18.7 Antagonists
18.7.1 Parasympathetic and Sympathetic fibers produce antagonistic effects
18.7.2 Parasympathetic fibers
18.7.2.1 Contract the ciliary muscle thereby relaxing the zonal fibers which suspend the lens at its periphery
18.7.2.2 The relaxed lens thickens
18.7.3 Sympathetic fibers
18.7.3.1 Act upon arteries in ciliary body
18.7.3.2 Vasomotor activity increases tension in lens zonal fibers and produces a thinning of the lens
18.8 Category
18.8.1 Eye Ball (EB)
18.9 View
18.9.1 (Note: Lower two s are enlarged horizontal sections.)
19 COCCYGEUS (ISCHIOCOCCYGEUS)
19.1 Word Derivation
19.1.1 Coccygeus=Coccyx
19.2 Origin
19.2.1 Ischial Spine
19.3 Insertion
19.3.1 Lower Sacrum
19.3.2 Upper Coccyx
19.4 Action
19.4.1 Supports and slightly raises pelvic floor
19.4.2 Resists intraabdominal pressure
19.4.3 Pulls coccyx forward following defecation or parturition
19.5 Nerve Supply
19.5.1 Nerve
19.5.1.1 Sacral
19.5.2 Roots
19.5.2.1 S3
19.5.2.2 S4
19.6 Synergists
19.6.1
19.7 Category
19.7.1 Pelvic Floor (PF)
20 CORACOBRACHIALIS
20.1 Word Derivation
20.1.1 Coraco=Coracoid process
20.2 Origin
20.2.1 Tip of coracoid process of scapula
20.3 Insertion
20.3.1 Middle of medial border of humerus, opposite deltoid tuberosity
20.4 Joints
20.4.1 Glenohumeral
20.5 Action
20.5.1 Horizontal flexion
20.5.2 Adduction
20.6 Nerve Supply
20.6.1 Nerve
20.6.1.1 Musculocutaneous
20.6.2
Roots
20.6.2.1 C5
20.6.2.2 C6
20.6.2.3 C7
20.7 Synergists
20.7.1 Pectoralis major
20.7.2 Biceps brachii
20.7.3 Anterior deltoid
20.8 Category
20.8.1 Arm Scapular (AS)
21 CORRUGATOR SUPERCILII
21.1 Word Derivation
21.1.1 Corrugo=Wrinkle
21.1.2 Supercilium=Eyebrow
21.2 Origin
21.2.1 Medial end of the superciliary arch of the frontal bone
21.3 Insertion
21.3.1 Deep surface of the skin above the midpart of the orbital arch
21.4 Action
21.4.1 : Draws eyebrows medially and down (Frowning muscle)
21.5 Nerve Supply
21.5.1 Temporal branches of the facial nerve (VII)
21.6 Artery supply
21.6.1 Supratrochlear (Branch of ophthalmic)
21.6.2 Supraorbital (Branch of ophthalmic)
21.7 Synergists
21.7.1 Orbicularis oculi
21.7.2 Procerus
21.8 Antagonist
21.8.1 Frontalis
21.9 Category
21.9.1 Facial Expression (FE)
22 CRICOARYTENOID LATERAL & POSTERIOR
22.1 Origin
22.1.1 Cricoarytenoid Lateral
22.1.1.1 Upper border of arch of cricoid cartilage
22.1.2 Cricoarytenoid Posterior
22.1.2.1 Posterior surface of lamina of cricoid cartilage
22.2 Insertion
22.2.1 Cricoarytenoid Lateral
22.2.1.1 Muscular process of arytenoids cartilage
22.2.2 Cricoarytenoid Posterior
22.2.2.1 Muscular process of arytenoid cartilage
22.3 Action
22.3.1 Cricoarytenoid Lateral
22.3.1.1 Adducts and medially rotates arytenoid cartilage assisting in closing glottis
22.3.2 Cricoarytenoid Posterior
22.3.2.1 Abducts arytenoid cartilage widening glottis
22.4 Nerve Supply
22.4.1 Vagus (X)
22.4.2 Accessory (XI)
22.5 Synergists
22.5.1
22.6 Category
22.6.1 Larynx Extrinsic (LXE)
23 CRICOPHARYNGEUS
23.1 Origin
23.1.1 Arch of cricoid cartilage
23.2 Insertion
23.2.1 Arch of cricoid cartilage
23.3 Action
23.3.1 Acts as sphincter to prevent air entering esophagus
23.3.2 Relaxes during swallowing
23.4 Nerve Supply
23.4.1 Nerve Plexus
23.4.1.1 Pharyngeal plexus
23.4.2 Roots
23.4.2.1 CN (IX)
23.4.2.2 CN (X)
23.4.2.3 CN (XI)
23.5 Synergists
23.5.1
23.6 Category
23.6.1 Pharynx longitudinal layer (PXL)
24 CRICOTHYROID
24.1 Word Derivation
24.1.1 Crico=Cricoid cartilage of larynx
24.1.2 Thyro=Thyroid gland
24.2 Origin
24.2.1 Anterolateral, external aspect of the cricoid cartilage
24.3 Insertion
24.3.1 Inferior part
24.3.1.1 Anterior border of the inferior cornu of thyroid
24.3.2 Superior Part
24.3.2.1 Posterior part of the lower border of the thyroid lamina
24.4 Action
24.4.1 Elevation of cricoid arch and tilting, back its lamina
24.4.2 Closes anterior interval between the cricoid and thyroid cartilages, thereby, tightening the vocal cords
24.5 Nerve Supply
24.5.1 External branch of the superior laryngeal nerve from the vagus nerve (X)
24.6 Arterial supply
24.6.1 Cricothyroid branch and rami of the superior thyroid artery
24.6.2 Rami from the inferior thyroid artery
24.7 Synergists
24.7.1 Posterior Arytenoids
24.8 Antagonists
24.8.1 Vocalis
24.8.2 Thyroarytenoid
24.9 Category
24.9.1 Larynx Intrinsic (LXI)
25 DELTOID ANTERIOR
25.1 Word Derivation
25.1.1 Delta=Triangular
25.1.2 Supercilium=Eyebrow
25.2 Origin
25.2.1 Anterosuperior border of the lateral 1/3 of the clavicle
25.3 Insertion
25.3.1 Deltoid tuberosity of the humerus on the anterolateral surface just above is midshaft
25.4 Joints
25.4.1 Glenohumeral
25.5 Action
25.5.1 Abduction
25.5.2 Horizontal flexion
25.5.3 Medial rotation
25.6 Nerve Supply
25.6.1 Nerve
25.6.1.1 Axillary
25.6.2 Roots
25.6.2.1 C5
25.6.2.2 C6
25.7 Synergists
25.7.1 Middle Deltoid
25.7.2 Posterior Deltoid
25.7.3 Supraspinatus
25.7.4 Pectoralis Major Clavicular
25.8 Category
25.8.1 Arm Scapular (AS)
26 DELTOID MIDDLE
26.1 Origin
26.1.1 Superior surface of the acromion process
26.2 Insertion
26.2.1 Deltoid tuberosity of humerus
26.3 Joints
26.3.1 Glenohumeral
26.4 Action
26.4.1 Abduction
26.5 Nerve Supply
26.5.1 Nerve
26.5.1.1 Axillary
26.5.2 Roots
26.5.2.1 C5
26.5.2.2 C6
26.6 Synergists
26.6.1 Anterior Deltoid
26.6.2 Posterior Deltoid
26.6.3 Supraspinatus
26.7 Category
26.7.1 Arm Scapular (AS)
27 DELTOID POSTERIOR
27.1 Origin
27.1.1 Inferior margin of spine of scapula
27.2 Insertion
27.2.1 Deltoid tuberosity of humerus
27.3 Joints
27.3.1 Glenohumeral
27.4 Action
27.4.1 Abduction
27.4.2 Horizontal Extension
27.4.3 Lateral Rotation
27.5 Nerve Supply
27.5.1 Nerve
27.5.1.1 Axillary
27.5.2 Roots
27.5.2.1 C5
27.5.2.2 C6
27.6 Synergists
27.6.1 Anterior Deltoid
27.6.2 Middle Deltoid
27.6.3 Supraspinatus
27.7 Category
27.7.1 Arm Scapular (AS)
28 DEPRESSOR ANGULI ORIS
28.1 Origin
28.1.1 The oblique line of the mandible, below and lateral to the depressor labii inferioris
28.2 Insertion
28.2.1 The angle of the mouth, mingling with the levator anguli oris, zygomatIcus major, and muscular bands of the orbicularis Oris
28.3 Action
28.3.1 Depresses the modiolus and angle of mouth
28.4 Nerve Supply
28.4.1 Mandibular marginal branch of the facial nerve (VII)
28.5 Arterial supply
28.5.1 Inferior labial branch from the facial artery
28.5.2 Mental branch from the inferior alveolar artery
28.6 Synergists
28.6.1 Platysma (Pars Modiolus)
28.6.2 Depressor Labii Inferioris
28.7 Antagonists
28.7.1 For direct modiolar deviation
28.7.1.1 Levator Anguli Oris
28.7.1.2 Zygomaticus Major
28.7.2 For angle of mouth deviation
28.7.2.1 Lateral Slip of the Levator Labii Superioris
28.7.2.2 Alaeque Nasi
28.7.2.3 Levator Labii Superioris
28.7.2.4 Zygomaticus Minor
28.8 Category
28.8.1 Facial Expression (FE)
28.9
Note
28.9.1
(Denotes Modiolus)
29 DEPRESSOR LABII INFERIORIS
29.1 Origin
29.1.1 The oblique line of mandible, between symphysis menti and the mental foramen
29.2 Insertion
29.2.1 The skin of the lower lip, blending and intersecting with its other and with orbicularis oris
29.2.2 Note
29.2.2.1 It is continuous below and laterally with the labial part of the platysma).
29.3 Action
29.3.1 Depresses the lower lip laterally and assists in eversion
29.4 Nerve Supply
29.4.1 Mandibular marginal branch of the facial nerve (VII)
29.5 Arterial supply
29.5.1 Inferior labial branch of the facial artery
29.5.2 Mental branch of the inferior alveolar artery
29.6 Synergists
29.6.1 Platysma (Pars Labialis)
29.6.2 Depressor Anguli Oris
29.7 Antagonist
29.7.1 Orbicularis Oris
29.8 Category
29.8.1 Facial Expression (FE)
30 DEPRESSOR SEPTI
30.1 Origin
30.1.1 From the incisive fossa of the maxilla
30.2 Insertion
30.2.1 The mobile part of the nasal septum, deep to the superior labial mucous membrane
30.3 Action
30.3.1 Draws ala of nose downwards and thereby constricts the aperture of naris.
30.4 Nerve Supply
30.4.1 Superior buccal branches of the facial nerve (VII)
30.5 Arterial supply
30.5.1 Septal and alar branches from the superior labial artery
30.6 Synergists
30.6.1 Nasalis
30.7 Antagonist
30.7.1 Dilator Naris
30.8 Category
30.8.1 Facial Expression (FE)
31 DIAPHRAGM
31.1 Origin
31.1.1 An approximately circular line passing entirely around the inner surface of the body wall
31.1.2 STERNAL PORTION
31.1.2.1 Two slips from the back of the xiphoid process
31.1.3 COSTAL PORTION
31.1.3.1 The inner surfaces of the cartilages and adjacent portions of the lower 6 ribs on either side, interdigitating with the transverses abdominis
31.1.4 LUMBAR PORTION
31.1.4.1 Medial and lateral arcuate ligaments and right and left crura from the anterolateral surfaces of the bodies and discs of the upper three lumbar vertebrae
31.2 Insertion
31.2.1 The central tendon, which is an oblong sheet forming the summit of the dome
31.3 Action
31.3.1 Principal muscle of respiration
31.3.2 Draws the central tendon downward, during quiet inspiration, pressing against the abdominal visera
31.4 Nerve Supply
31.4.1 Nerve
31.4.1.1 Phrenic (Cervical Plexus)
31.4.2 Roots
31.4.2.1 C3
31.4.2.2 C4
31.4.2.3 C5
31.5 Synergists
31.5.1 External Intercostals
31.5.2 Internal Intercostals
31.5.3 Serratus Posterior Superior
31.5.4 Scalenus Anterior
31.5.5 Scalenus Medius
31.5.6 Scalenus Posterior
31.5.7 Levatores Costarum
31.6 Category
31.6.1 Breathing (B)
32 DIGASTRIC ANT & POST BELLY (SUPRAHYOID)
32.1 Origin
32.1.1 Anterior belly
32.1.1.1 Digastric fossa of mandible
32.1.2 Posterior belly
32.1.2.1 Mastoid notch of temporal bone
32.2 Insertion
32.2.1 Intermediate tendon attached to the hyoid via a fibrous loop
32.3 Action
32.3.1 Mandibular depression and hyoid elevation
32.3.2 Note
32.3.2.1 Both bellies act together during swallowing and chewing
32.4 Nerve Supply
32.4.1 Anterior belly
32.4.1.1 Mylohyoid rami from the inferior alveolar branch of the trIgeminal nerve (V3)
32.4.2 Posterior belly
32.4.2.1 Digastric branch facial nerve (VII)
32.5 Arterial supply
32.5.1 Anterior belly
32.5.1.1 Mylohyoid branch of inferior alveolar artery
32.5.1.2 Submandibular branch of the facial artery
32.5.2 Posterior belly
32.5.2.1 Posterior auricular artery and muscular branches of the occipital artery
32.6 Synergists
32.6.1 Mandibular Depression
32.6.1.1 Mylohyoid
32.6.1.2 Geniohyoid
32.6.1.3 Lateral Pterygoid
32.6.1.4 Platysma
32.6.2 Hyoid Elevation
32.6.2.1 Stylohyoid
32.6.2.2 Mylohyoid
32.6.2.3 Geniohyoid
32.7 Antagonists
32.7.1 Mandibular Depression
32.7.1.1 Masseter
32.7.1.2 Temporalis
32.7.1.3 Medial Pterygoid
32.7.2 Hyoid Elevation
32.7.2.1 Sternohyoid
32.7.2.2 Thyrohyoid
32.7.2.3 Omohyoid
32.8 Category
32.8.1 ORAL CAVITY FLOOR (OCF)
33 DILATOR PUPILLAE
33.1 Origin
33.1.1 The mesodermal stroma in the periphery of the iris
33.2 Insertion
33.2.1 The iris among the outer parts of the sphincter pupillae fibers
33.3 Action
33.3.1 Dilation of the pupil to adjust for distant vision or diminished light
33.4 Nerve Supply
33.4.1 Sympathetic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion passing as long ciliary nerves to the globe
33.5 Arterial supply
33.5.1 Long posterior and anterior ciliary rami from the ophthalmic and lacrimal branches of the internal carotid artery
33.6 Synergists
33.6.1 None
33.7 Antagonist
33.7.1 Sphincter pupillae
33.8 Category
33.8.1 Eye Ball (EB)
33.9 View
33.9.1 Note
33.9.1.1 Lower 2 s are enlarged horizontal sections
34 DORSAL INTEROSSEI (FOOT)
34.1 Origin
34.1.1 There are four dorsal interossei each by two heads from adjacent sides of the metatarsals
34.2 Insertion
34.2.1 Bases of the proximal phalanges and extensor expansion of the tendons of the extensor digitorum longus
34.2.2 The 1st dorsal interosseous (arising from the 1st and 2nd metatarsals) inserts into the medial side of the 2nd toe
34.2.3 The 2nd-4th dorsal interossei insert into the lateral sides of the 2nd 3rd and 4th toes
34.3 Action
34.3.1 Abducts the 2nd, 3rd and 4th toes away from the longitudinal axis of the 2nd toe
34.3.2 Assists in flexing the proximal phalanx
34.3.3 Extends the middle and distal phalanges
34.4 Nerve Supply
34.4.1 Nerve
34.4.1.1 Lateral Plantar
34.4.2 Roots
34.4.2.1 S2
34.4.2.2 S3
34.5 Synergists
34.5.1 Plantar Interossei
34.6 Category
34.6.1 Intrinsic Foot Plantar Fourth Deep Layer (IFP4)
35 DORSAL INTEROSSEI (HAND)
35.1 Origin
35.1.1 Each from the 2 metacarpal bones between which it inserts
35.2 Insertion
35.2.1 Bases of the proximal phalanges of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th digits and the extensor expansion
35.3 Action
35.3.1 Abduct index, middle and ring fingers from an axis through the middle finger
35.3.2 All assist in flexing the proximal phalanges of the index, middle and ring fingers at the metacarpophalangeal joints
35.3.3 Extending middle and distal phalanges
35.4 Nerve Supply
35.4.1 Nerve
35.4.1.1 Ulnar (Deep Branch)
35.4.2 Roots
35.4.2.1 C8
35.4.2.2 T1
35.5 Synergists
35.5.1 Lumbricals
35.5.2 Palmar Interossei
35.5.3 Flexor Digitorum Profundus
35.5.4 Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
35.6 Category
35.6.1 Intrinsic Hand Intermediate (Midpalmar) (IHI)
36 EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS BREVIS
36.1 Origin
36.1.1 Common extensor tendon from lateral epicondyle of humerus
36.2 Insertion
36.2.1 Posterior surface of base of 3rd metacarpal
36.3 Joints
36.3.1 Wrist
36.4 Action
36.4.1 Extension
36.4.2 Radial Deviation
36.5 Nerve Supply
36.5.1 Nerve
36.5.1.1 Posterior interosseous (deep
radial)
36.5.2 Roots
36.5.2.1 C7
36.5.2.2 C8
36.6 Synergists
36.6.1 Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus
36.6.2 Extensor Carpi Ulnaris (Extension)
36.6.3 Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus
36.6.4 Flexor Carpi Radialis (Radial Deviation)
36.7 Category
36.7.1 Wrist, Hand, and Fingers Posterior Extensors Deep (WHFPED)
37 EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS LONGUS
37.1 Origin
37.1.1 Lower 1/3 of lateral supracondylar ridge
37.1.2 Lateral epicondyle (few fibers from)
37.2 Insertion
37.2.1 Posterior surface of base of second metacarpal
37.3 Joint
37.3.1 Wrist
37.4 Action
37.4.1 Extension
37.4.2 Radial Deviation
37.5 Nerve Supply
37.5.1 Nerve
37.5.1.1 Radial
37.5.2 Roots
37.5.2.1 C6
37.5.2.2 C7
37.6 Synergists
37.6.1 Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis
37.6.2 Extensor Carpi Ulnaris (Extension)
37.6.3 Flexor Carpi Radialis (Radial Deviation)
37.7 Category
37.7.1 Wrist, Hand, and Fingers Posterior Extensors Superficial (WHFPES)
38 EXTENSOR CARPI ULNARIS
38.1 Origin
38.1.1 By two heads from lateral epicondyle of humerus and middle 1/3 of posterior ridge of ulna
38.2 Insertion
38.2.1 Posterior surface of base of 5th metacarpal
38.3 Joint
38.3.1 Wrist
38.4 Action
38.4.1 Extension
38.4.2 Ulnar Deviation
38.5 Nerve Supply
38.5.1 Nerve
38.5.1.1 Posterior interosseous (deep
radial)
38.5.2 Roots
38.5.2.1 C7
38.5.2.2 C8
38.6 Synergists
38.6.1 Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus
38.6.2 Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis (Extension)
38.6.3 Flexor Carpi Ulnaris (Ulnar Deviation)
38.7 Category
38.7.1 Wrist, Hand, and Fingers Posterior Extensors Superficial (WHFPES)
39 EXTENSOR DIGITI MINIMI
39.1 Origin
39.1.1 The common tendon of the extensor digitorum
39.2 Insertion
39.2.1 The tendon of the extensor digitorum at the proximal phalanx of the little finger and into the dorsal expansion of the finger extensor tendons
39.3 Joints
39.3.1 Metacarpophalangeal (MCP)
39.3.2 Interphalangeal (IP)
39.3.3 Wrist
39.4 Action
39.4.1 Extension (Proximal Phalanx Of The Little Finger) (MCP)
39.4.2 Extension (Wrist)
39.4.3 Extension (Middle And Distal Phalanges Especially When The Proximal Phalanx Is Held In Flexion) (IP)
39.5 Nerve Supply
39.5.1
39.5.1.1 Posterior interosseous (deep
radial)
39.5.2
39.5.2.1 C7
39.5.2.2 C8
39.5.3 NOTE
39.5.3.1 The posterior interosseous nerve is a direct continuation of the deep radial nerve after it has passed through the supinator .
39.6 Synergists
39.6.1 Extensor digitorum.
39.7 Category
39.7.1
40 EXTENSOR DIGITORUM
40.1 Origin
40.1.1 Common extensor tendon from lateral epicondyle of humerus.
40.2 Insertion
40.2.1 By 4tendons, 1 to each finger, each tendon dividing into 3 slips, the middle one attaching to the dorsal surface of middle phalanx and the other 2 uniting to attach to dorsal surface of base of distal phalanx.
40.3 Action
40.3.1 Extends phalanges at the interphalangeal joints, con- tinued action extends the metacarpophalangeal and car- pometacarpal articulations. Assists in extending wrist.
40.4 Nerve Supply
40.4.1 Posterior interosseous, (deep radial) C7, 8.
40.5 Synergists
40.5.1 Extensor indicis, extensor digiti minimi, lumbri- cales.
40.6 Category
40.6.1
41 EXTENSOR DIGITORUM BREVIS
41.1 Origin
41.1.1 The forepart of the supralateral surface of the calcaneus; lateral talocalcaneal ligament and inferior extensor retinaculum
41.2 Insertion
41.2.1 Branches into 3 tendons that insert into the lateral sides of the tendons of the extensor digitorum longus of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th toes.
41.3 Action
41.3.1 Extends the proximal phalanges of the 2rid, 3rd and 4th toes.
41.4 Nerve Supply
41.4.1 Deep peroneal, 81, 2.
41.5 Synergists
41.5.1 Extensor digitorum longus.
41.6 Category
41.6.1
42 EXTENSOR DIGITORUM LONGUS
42.1 Origin
42.1.1 Lateral condyle of the tibia, head and proximal :?/4 of the anterior surface on the body of the fibula, proximal portion of the interosseus membrane, deep fascia and intermuscular septa.
42.2 Insertion
42.2.1 Divides into four tendons after passing under the extensor retinaculum, to insert on to the dorsal surfaces of the bases of the middle and distal phalanges of the 2nd -5th toes.
42.3 Action
42.3.1 Extends the lateral 4 toes. Dorsiflexes and everts foot at the ankle.
42.4 Nerve Supply
42.4.1 Deep peroneal L5, 51.
42.5 Synergists
42.5.1 Extensor digitorum brevis.
42.6 Category
42.6.1
43 EXTENSOR HALLUCIS BREVIS
43.1 Origin
43.1.1 The forepart medial aspect of calcaneus; lateral talocal- canealligament, inferior extensor retinaculum.
43.2 Insertion
43.2.1 Dorsal surface of the base of proximal phalanx of hallux.
43.3 Action
43.3.1 Extends proximal phalanx of hallux.
43.4 Nerve Supply
43.4.1 Deep peroneal, 51, 2.
43.5 Synergists
43.5.1 Extensor hallucis longus.
43.6 Category
43.6.1
43.7 Note
43.7.1 (Note: The extensor hallucis brevis is the medial section of the extensor digitorum brevis.)
44 EXTENSOR HALLUCIS LONGUS
44.1 Origin
44.1.1 Middle V2 of the anterior surface of the fibula and the adjacent interosseous membrane.
44.2 Insertion
44.2.1 Dorsal surface of base of distal phalanx of hallux (big toe).
44.3 Action
44.3.1 Extends the distal phalanx of the big toe. Continued action extends proximal phalanx and dorsiflexes and inverts the foot at the ankle.
44.4 Nerve Supply
44.4.1 Deep peroneal, L5, 81
44.5 Synergists
44.5.1 Extensor hallucis brevis.
44.6 Category
44.6.1
45 EXTENSOR INDICIS
45.1 Origin
45.1.1 Dorsal surface of distal half of ulna.
45.2 Insertion
45.2.1 Index finger extensor digitorum tendon.
45.3 Action
45.3.1 Extension of all phalanges of index finger. Assists in wrist extension.
45.4 Nerve Supply
45.4.1 Posterior Interosseous, (deep radial), C7,8.
45.5 Synergists
45.5.1 Extensor digitorum.
45.6 Category
45.6.1
46 EXTENSOR POLLICIS BREVIS
46.1 Origin
46.1.1 The posterior surface of the distal end of the body of the ulna near the middle and the adjacent interosseous membrane.
46.2 Insertion
46.2.1 The posterior surface of the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb.
46.3 Action
46.3.1 Extends the proximal phalanx of the thumb. Continued action extends and assists abduction of the 1 st metacarpal.
46.4 Nerve Supply
46.4.1 Posterior interosseous nerve (deep radial nerve), C6,7.
46.5 Synergists
46.5.1 Abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis longus.
46.6 Category
46.6.1
47 EXTENSOR POLLICIS LONGUS
47.1 Origin
47.1.1 Posterior surface of the middle 1/3 of the ulna and the interosseous membrane.
47.2 Insertion
47.2.1 The posterior surface of the base of the distal phalanx of the thumb.
47.3 Action
47.3.1 Extends the distal phalanx of the thumb. Continued action, extends proximal phalanx and metacarpal, and adducts the 1st metacarpal.
47.4 Nerve Supply
47.4.1 Posterior interosseous nerve (deep radial nerve) C7,8.
47.5 Synergists
47.5.1 Extensor pollicis brevis.
47.6 Category
47.6.1
48 EXTERNAL ABDOMINAL OBLIQUE=ANT DIV
48.1 Origin
48.1.1 External surfaces and inferior borders of the Sth -12th ribs by tendinous slips that interdigitate with those of serratus anterior and latissimus dorsi.
48.2 Insertion
48.2.1 Linea alba by means of the broad abdominal aponeurosis from ribs to crest of pubis, inquinalligament and the anterior half of the iliac crest along the outer lip.
48.3 Action
48.3.1 Acting unilaterally, rotates the trunk to the opposite side, and flexes it laterally on the side of muscle contraction. If rotation is only activity, the opposite internal oblique is synergist. Acting bilaterally, flexes the trunk anteriorly, supports and compresses the abdominal viscera, giving anterior support to the spinal column. Gives anterior stabilization to pelvis, decreasing lordosis. Assists in forced expiration.
48.4 Nerve Supply
48.4.1 Branches of the 7th .12th intercostal nerves.
48.5 Synergists
48.5.1 Rectus abdominis, internal oblique and external oblique abdominals of opposite side. Psoas on lumbar spine in total trunk flexion.
48.6 Category
48.6.1
49 EXTERNAL ABDOMINAL OBLIQUE=LAT DIV
49.1 Origin
49.1.1
49.2 Insertion
49.2.1
49.3 Action
49.3.1
49.4 Nerve Supply
49.4.1
49.5 Synergists
49.5.1
49.6 Category
49.6.1
50 EXTERNAL ANAL SPHINCTER
50.1 Origin
50.1.1
50.2 Insertion
50.2.1
50.3 Action
50.3.1
50.4 Nerve Supply
50.4.1
50.5 Synergists
50.5.1
50.6 Category
50.6.1
51 EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS
51.1 Origin
51.1.1 Inferior border of rib above.
51.2 Insertion
51.2.1 Superior border of rib below
51.3 Action
51.3.1 Elevate ribs during inspiration.
51.4 Nerve Supply
51.4.1 Branches from corresponding intercostal nerves.
51.5 Synergists
51.5.1 Serratus posterior superior, levatores costarum. Scaleni group.
51.6 Category
51.6.1
52 EXTRINSIC AURICULAR MUSCLES
52.1 Origin
52.1.1 Auriculari~ anterior: Lateral edge of the epicranial aponeurosis.
52.1.2 Auricularis superior: EQicranial aponeurosis. Auricularis posterior: Mastoid part of the temporal bone.
52.2 Insertion
52.2.1 Auricularis anterior: The spine of the helix.
52.2.2 Auricularis superior: The upper part of the cranial surface of the auricle.
52.2.3 Auricularis posterior: By two or three fasciculi into the ponticulus on the eminentia conchae.
52.3 Action
52.3.1 Minimal action in man.
52.3.2 Auricularis anterior: Draws auricle forwards and up.
52.3.3 Auricularis superior: Elevates the auricle.
52.3.4 Auricularis posterior: Draws the auricle back.
52.4 Nerve Supply
52.4.1 Auricularis anterior and superior: Temporal bral}ches 9f the fa~ial nerve (VII).
52.4.2 AuriCularis posterior: PosterIor aurIcular branch of the facial nerve (VII).
52.5 Arterial supply
52.5.1 Auricular rami from the posterior auricular branch of the external carotid artery, the anterior auricular branches of the superficial temporal artery, and the auricular branch of the occipital artery.
52.6 Synergists
52.6.1 Frontalis and occipitalis, indirectly.
52.7 Antagonist
52.7.1 None
52.8 Category
52.8.1
53 FLEXOR CARPI RADIALIS
53.1 Origin
53.1.1 Common flexor tendon from medial epicondyle of humerus.
53.2 Insertion
53.2.1 Anterior surfaces of bases of 2nd and 3rd metacar- pals.
53.3 Action
53.3.1 Flexes and radially deviates the hand at the wrist.
53.4 Nerve Supply
53.4.1 Median nerve, C6, 7.
53.5 Synergists
53.5.1 Flexor carpi ulnaris and palmaris longus for flexion. Extension carpi radialis longus and brevis for radial deviation.
53.6 Category
53.6.1
54 FLEXOR CARPI ULNARIS
54.1 Origin
54.1.1 By 2 heads from medial epicondyle of humerus and medial border of olecranon process of ulna.
54.2 Insertion
54.2.1 Palmar surface of pisiform and hamate carpal bones and base of Sth metacarpal.
54.3 Action
54.3.1 Flexes and ulnarly deviates the hand at the wrist.
54.4 Nerve Supply
54.4.1 Ulnar, C7, 8.
54.5 Synergists
54.5.1 Flexor carpi radials and palmaris longus for flexion. Extensor carpi ulnaris for ulnar deviation.
54.6 Category
54.6.1
55 FLEXOR DIGITI MINIMI BREVIS (FOOT)
55.1 Origin
55.1.1 Base of the Sth metatarsal bone.
55.2 Insertion
55.2.1 Lateral side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the little toe.
55.3 Action
55.3.1 Flexes the proximal phalanx of the Sth toe.
55.4 Nerve Supply
55.4.1 Lateral plantar nerve, 82, 3.
55.5 Synergists
55.5.1 Flexor digitorum brevis, flexor digitorum longus, quadratus plantae.
55.6 Category
55.6.1
56 FLEXOR DIGITI MINIMI BREVIS (HAND)
56.1 Origin
56.1.1 Hamulus or hook of the hamate bone and flexor retinaculum.
56.2 Insertion
56.2.1 Ulnar side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the Sth finger.
56.3 Action
56.3.1 Flexes the Sth digit at the metacarpophalangeal articula- tion.
56.4 Nerve Supply
56.4.1 Deep branch of ulnar nerve, C8, T1.
56.5 Synergists
56.5.1 Flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, opponens digiti minimi, interossei.
56.6 Category
56.6.1
57 FLEXOR DIGITORUM BREVIS
57.1 Origin
57.1.1 Medial process of tuberosity of the calcaneus, central part of the plantar aponeurosis, and the intermuscular septa. The entire muscle belly is firmly united with the plantar aponeurosis.
57.2 Insertion
57.2.1 Divides into 4 tendons that insert into the middle phalanges of the 2nd -Sth toes.
57.3 Action
57.3.1 Plantar flexes the middle phalanges on the proximal phalanges, continued action flexes the proximal phalanges on the metatarsals.
57.4 Nerve Supply
57.4.1 Medial plantar, S2, 3.
57.5 Synergists
57.5.1 Flexor digitorum longus.
57.6 Category
57.6.1
58 FLEXOR DIGITORUM LONGUS
58.1 Origin
58.1.1 Posterior surface of middle :}/5 of tibia.
58.2 Insertion
58.2.1 Divides into 4 tendons that insert on the plantar surfaces of bases of distal phalanges of the 2nd -Sth toes.
58.3 Action
58.3.1 Flexes phalanges at all interphalangeal and metatar- sophalangeal articulations of 2nd -Sth toes. Plantar flexes and inverts foot at the ankle.
58.4 Nerve Supply
58.4.1 Tibia, S2, 3.
58.5 Synergists
58.5.1 Tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum brevis.
58.6 Category
58.6.1
58.7 View
58.7.1 Posterior and Plantar View
59 FLEXOR DIGITORUM PROFUNDUS
59.1 Origin
59.1.1 Upper :}f4 of the anterior and medial surfaces of the ulna, interosseous membrane and deep fascia of the forearm.
59.2 Insertion
59.2.1 4 tendons (1 to each finger) to palmar surface of base of distal phalanx, after passing through tendon of flexor digitorum superficialis.
59.3 Action
59.3.1 A exes the distal phalanges of the four fingers. Assists in flexing metacarpophalangeal, carpometacapal and wrist joints.
59.4 Nerve Supply
59.4.1 Nerve to portion of muscle which correlates with index and middle fingers, anterior interosseous branch of the median, C8, T1 ; nerve to portion of muscle which correlates with ring and little fingers, ulnar, C8, T1.
59.5 Synergists
59.5.1 Aexor digitorum superficialis.
59.6 Category
59.6.1
59.7 View
59.7.1 Anterior View
60 FLEXOR DIGITORUM SUPERFICIALIS
60.1 Origin
60.1.1 HUMERO-ULNAR HEAD: Medial epicondyle of the humerus by the common flexor tendon, ulnar collateral ligament of the elbow and the coronoid process of ulna.
60.1.2 RADIAL: Oblique line of the radius extending from the radial tuberosity to the insertion of the pronator teres.
60.2 Insertion
60.2.1 4 tendons (1 for each finger) divide for the passage of the tendons of flexor digitorum profundus then insert as 2 slips on the sides of the shaft of the middle phalanx.
60.3 Action
60.3.1 Flexes the phalanx of each finger on the proximal phalanx. Continued action, flexes the proximal phalanx at the hand, flexes the hand at the wrist.
60.4 Nerve Supply
60.4.1 Median C7, 8, T1.
60.5 Synergists
60.5.1 Flexor digitorum profundus.
60.6 Category
60.6.1
60.7 View
60.7.1
- Anterior View
61 FLEXOR HALLUCIS BREVIS
61.1 Origin
61.1.1 Medial portion of the plantar surface of the cuboid bone, adjacent portion of the lateral cuneiform bone and prolongation of the tendon of the tibialis posterior.
61.2 Insertion
61.2.1 Medial and lateral sides of base of proximal phalanx of the big toe.
61.3 Action
61.3.1 Flexes metatarsophalangeal articulation of big toe.
61.4 Nerve Supply
61.4.1 Medial plantar, S2, 3.
61.5 Synergists
61.5.1 Flexor hallucis longus.
61.6 Category
61.6.1
61.7 View
61.7.1 Plantar View (3rd Plantar Layer)
62 FLEXOR HALLUCIS LONGUS
62.1 Origin
62.1.1 Distal ql3 of posterior surface of fibula, interosseous membrane and adjacent intermuscular septa and fascia.
62.2 Insertion
62.2.1 Plantar surface of the base of distal phalanx of the hallux (big toe).
62.3 Action
62.3.1 Flexes big toe. Aids in plantar flexion and inversion of the foot at the ankle. Gives medial ankle stabilization.
62.4 Nerve Supply
62.4.1 Tibial 82,3.
62.5 Synergists
62.5.1 Flexor hallucis brevis.
62.6 Category
62.6.1
62.7 View
62.7.1
Posterior and Plantar View
63 FLEXOR POLLICIS BREVIS
63.1 Origin
63.1.1 SUPERFICIAL HEAD: Distal border of the flexor retinaculum and tubercle of the trapezium bone.
63.1.2 DEEP HEAD: Trapezoid and capitate bones.
63.2 Insertion
63.2.1 Radial side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb.
63.3 Action
63.3.1 Flexes proximal phalanx of the thumb. Continued action, flexes the 1st metacarpal and rotates it medially.
63.4 Nerve Supply
63.4.1 SUPERFICIAL HEAD: Median, C6, 7; mostly cs and T1.
63.4.2 DEEP HEAD: Ulnar, C8, T1.
63.5 Synergists
63.5.1 Flexor pollicis longus, adductor pollicis.
63.6 Category
63.6.1
63.7 View
63.7.1
Anterior View
64 FLEXOR POLLICIS LONGUS
64.1 Origin
64.1.1 Anterior surface of middle 1/2 of radius. Adjacent interos- seous membrane and a slip from the coronoid process of the ulna or medial epicondyle of humerus.
64.2 Insertion
64.2.1 Palmar surface of the base of the distal phalanx of the thumb.
64.3 Action
64.3.1 Flexes the interphalangeal joint of the thumb. Continued action, flexes the metacarpophalangeal and carpometacarpal ar- ticulations.
64.4 Nerve Supply
64.4.1 Anterior interosseous branch of the median, C8, T1.
64.5 Synergists
64.5.1 Flexor pollicis brevis, adductor pollicis.
64.6 Category
64.6.1
64.7 View
64.7.1
Anterior View
65 FRONTALIS (EPICRANIUS)
65.1 Origin
65.1.1 No bony origin, but arises from the epicranial aponeurosis (galea aponeurilica), anterior to the coronal suture.
65.2 Insertion
65.2.1 Fib~rs ale coqtinuous with procerus, corrugiltor supercllil and orblculans oculi below and the galea aponeuntlca above.
65.3 Action
65.3.1 Elevates the eyebrows and nasal skin while simultaneously protracting the scalp.
65.4 Nerve Supply
65.4.1 Temporal branches of the facial nerve (VII).
65.5 Arterial supply
65.5.1 SuRraorbital and supratrochlear branches of the Qpl,1thalmic artery. The frontal (anterior) branch of the supertlclal temporal artery.
65.6 Synergists
65.6.1 Occipitalis.
65.7 Antagonists
65.7.1 Procerus, corrugator supercilii, and orbicularis oculi.
65.8 Category
65.8.1
66 GASTROCNEMIUS
66.1 Origin
66.1.1 LATERAL HEAD: Lateral condyle and posterior surface of femur. Capsule of knee joint.
66.1.2 MEDIAL HEAD: Medial condyle and adjacent part of femur. cap- sule of knee joint.
66.2 Insertion
66.2.1 Posterior surface of calcaneus by means of tendo calcaneus (Achilles tendon).
66.3 Action
66.3.1 Plantar flexion and inversion of the foot.
66.3.2 REVERSED ORIGIN-INSERTION ACTION: Flexes leg at the knee. Dorsiflexion of foot increases knee flexion capability.
66.4 Nerve Supply
66.4.1 Tibial, S1, 2.
66.5 Synergists
66.5.1 Soleus, plantaris, tibialis posterior, peroneus lon- gus and brevis, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus.
66.6 Category
66.6.1
66.7 View
66.7.1
Posterior
View
67 GEMELLUS INFERIOR (1 of 6 Deep Lateral Rotators of Femur)
67.1 Origin
67.1.1 Superior aspect of the ischial tuberosity.
67.2 Insertion
67.2.1 With the tendon of obturator intern us into the medial surface of the greater trochanter of the femur.
67.3 Action
67.3.1 Laterally rotates the extended thigh at the hip, can also produce horizontal extension. Abducts the flexed thigh.
67.4 Nerve Supply
67.4.1 Sacral plexus, L4, 5, S1.
67.5 Synergists
67.5.1 Piriformis, obturator externus, obturator internus, quadratus femoris, gemellus superior .
67.6 Category
67.6.1
67.7 View
67.7.1
Posterior View
68 GEMELLUS SUPERIOR (1 of 6 Deep Lateral Rotators of Femur)
68.1 Origin
68.1.1 The outer surface of the ischial spine.
68.2 Insertion
68.2.1 With the tendon of obturator internus into the medial surface of the greater trochanter of the femur.
68.3 Action
68.3.1 Laterally rotates the extended thigh at the hip, can also produce horizontal extension. Abducts the flexed thigh.
68.4 Nerve Supply
68.4.1 Sacral plexus, L5, S1, 2.
68.5 Synergists
68.5.1 Piriformis, obturator externus, obturator internus, quadratus femoris, gemellus inferior .
68.6 Category
68.6.1
68.7 View
68.7.1
Posterior View
69 GENIOGLOSSUS
69.1 Origin
69.1.1 The superior mental spines behind the mandibular symphysis, above the origin of geniohyoid.
69.2 Insertion
69.2.1 Inferior fibers: By thin aponeurosis, to the upper anterior surface of the hyoid body near the midline, a few fibers passing between hyoglossus and chondroglossus to blend with the pharyngeal middle constrictor.
69.2.2 Middle fibers: The hyodlossal membrane, which is the continuation of the lingual septum that connects the lingual root to the hyoid bone.
69.2.3 Superior fibers: The whole length of the ventral surface of the tongue, from root to apex, intermingling with the intrinsic lingual muscles.
69.3 Action
69.3.1 Forward traction of the tongue to protrude its apex from the mouth. Acting bilaterally, depresses the medial part of the tongue, making it concave from side to side.
69.4 Nerve Supply
69.4.1 Hypoglossal nerve {XII).
69.5 Arterial Supply
69.5.1 Lingual artery and its branches; dorsal lingual and sublingual rami, tonsillar rami of the facial artery.
69.6 Synergists
69.6.1 Hyoglossus and chondroglossus.
69.7 Antagonists
69.7.1 Styloglossus and palatoglossus.
69.8 Category
69.8.1
70 GENIOHYOID (SUPRAHYOID)
70.1 Origin
70.1.1 Inferior mental spine behind mandibular symphysis.
70.2 Insertion
70.2.1 Anterior aspect of the hyoid bone.
70.3 Action
70.3.1 Elevation and anterior movement of the hyoid bone. When the hyoid is fixed by contraction of infrahyoid muscles, it depresses tlie mandible.
70.4 Nerve Supply
70.4.1 Branches of Cl traveling with the hypoglossal nerve.
70.5 Arterial Supply
70.5.1 Submental branch of the facial artery, the sublingual branch of the lingual artery.
70.6 Synergists
70.6.1 For elevation of hyoid: Digastric, mylohyoid and stylohyoid.
70.6.2 For mandibular depression: Digastric and mylohyoid.
70.7 Antagonists
70.7.1 For elevation of hyoid: Sternohyoid, omohyoid and thyrohyoid.
70.7.2 For mandibular depression: Temporalis, masseter and medial pterygoid.
70.7.3 For hyoid protrusion: Stylohyoid.
70.8 Category
70.8.1
71 GLUTEUS MAXIMUS
71.1 Origin
71.1.1 Posterior gluteal line of ilium, aponeurosis of erector spinae, dorsal surface of sacrum, coccyx and sacrotuberous liga- ment.
71.2 Insertion
71.2.1 Gluteal tuberosity of femur and iliotibial tract of fascia lata.
71.3 Action
71.3.1 Extends thigh at the hip, assists in laterally rotating the thigh. The upper ':?/3 of the muscle are abductors and the lower 1/3 is inactive as an abductor or an adductor in the standing position.
71.3.2 REVERSED ORIGIN-INSERTION ACTION: When the leg is fixed as in standing, the gluteus maximus is an extensor of the pelvis on the thigh. In this case, it is a synergist to the abdominal muscles.
71.4 Nerve Supply
71.4.1 Inferior gluteal, L5, 51, 2.
71.5 Synergists
71.5.1 Hamstrings which are placed at a disadvantage by knee flexion.
71.6 Category
71.6.1
71.7 View
71.7.1
Posterior
View
72 GLUTEUS MEDIUS
72.1 Origin
72.1.1 Outer surface of ilium from iliac crest and posterior gluteal line above to the anterior gluteal line below, gluteal aponeurosis.
72.2 Insertion
72.2.1 Lateral surface of greater trochanter.
72.3 Action
72.3.1 Abducts femur at the hip and rotates it medially. Possible lateral rotation. With gluteus minimus is major lateral pelvic stabi- lizer. Aids in early activity of hip flexion.
72.4 Nerve Supply
72.4.1 Superior gluteal, L5, 51.
72.5 Synergists
72.5.1 Gluteus minimus, tensor fasciae latae, upper '2/3 of gluteus maximus.
72.6 Category
72.6.1
72.7 View
72.7.1
Lateral View
73 GLUTEUS MINIMUS ANT & POST
73.1 Origin
73.1.1 Outer surface of ilium between anterior and inferior gluteal lines and margin of greater sciatic notch.
73.2 Insertion
73.2.1 Anterior border of greater trochanter.
73.3 Action
73.3.1 Abducts femur at the hip and rotates it medially. Lateral pelvic stabilizer. Aids in early activity of hip flexion
73.4 Nerve Supply
73.4.1 Superior gluteal, L5, S1.
73.5 Synergists
73.5.1 Gluteus medius, tensor fasciae latae, upper ';/3 of gluteus maximus.
73.6 Category
73.6.1
73.7 View
73.7.1
Lateral View
74 GRACILIS
74.1 Origin
74.1.1 Anterior aspect of lower 1/2 of symphysis pubis and medial margin of inferior ramus of pubis.
74.2 Insertion
74.2.1 Anterior and medial surface of the shaft of the tibia just below the condyle.
74.3 Action
74.3.1 Adducts and medially rotates thigh. Flexes and medially rotates leg.
74.3.2 REVERSED ORIGIN-INSERTION ACTION: When the thigh is fixed, flexes the pelvis at hip.
74.4 Nerve Supply
74.4.1 Obturator, L2, 3.
74.5 Synergists
74.5.1 Adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor mag- nus, pectineus.
74.6 Category
74.6.1
74.7 View
74.7.1
Anterior View
75 HYOGLOSSUS
75.1 Origin
75.1.1 The whole length of the greater cornu and the front of the body of the hyoid bone.
75.2 Insertion
75.2.1 The side of the tongue between the styloglossus laterally and the inferior lingualis muscle medially.
75.3 Action
75.3.1 Depresses the tongue.
75.4 Nerve Supply
75.4.1 Hypoglossal nerve (XII).
75.5 Arterial Supply
75.5.1 Lingual artery and it's dorsal lingual rami.
75.5.2 Tonsillar rami of the facial-artery.
75.6 Synergists
75.6.1 Chondroglossus. Also the genioglossus when it contracts bilaterally.
75.7 Antagonists
75.7.1 Styloglossus and palatoglossus.
75.8 Category
75.8.1
75.9 View
75.9.1
(Note: Styloid process and mastoid portion of temporal bone are
superimposed.)
76 ILIACUS
76.1 Origin
76.1.1 Superior ;?/3 of the iliac fossa, internal border (inner lip) of iliac crest, anterior sacroiliac, lumbosacral and iliolumbar liga- ments, ala of sacrum.
76.2 Insertion
76.2.1 Lesser trochanter of femur and for a short distance below along medial border of shaft.
76.3 Action
76.3.1 Flexes thigh at the hip, minimal action in lateral rotation of the thigh.
76.3.2 REVERSED ORIGIN-INSERTION ACTION: When the thigh is fixed, the iliacus muscle flexes the pelvis on the thigh, as in rising to a sitting position from the supine position (sit up).
76.4 Nerve Supply
76.4.1 Femoral, L2, 3.
76.5 Synergists
76.5.1 Psoas major, adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, rectus femoris.
76.6 Category
76.6.1
76.7 View
76.7.1
Anterior
View
77 ILIOCOSTALIS CERVICIS
77.1 Origin
77.1.1 Superior borders of the angles of the 3rd -6th ribs.
77.2 Insertion
77.2.1 The posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the 4th, 5th and 6th cervical vertebrae.
77.3 Action
77.3.1 Acting bilaterally, extension of the spine. Acting unilaterally, laterally flexes the vertebral column.
77.4 Nerve Supply
77.4.1 Dorsal rami of the spinal nerves, C6, 7, 8.
77.5 Synergists
77.5.1 Splenius cervicis, semispinalis cervicis, longis- simus cervicis.
77.6 Category
77.6.1
77.7 View
77.7.1
Posterior View
78 ILIOCOSTALIS LUMBORUM
78.1 Origin
78.1.1 Anterior surface of a broad and thick tendon which originates from the sacrum, spinous processes of the lumbar and 11th and 12th thoracic vertebrae, and from the medial lip of the iliac crest.
78.2 Insertion
78.2.1 Inferior borders of the angles of the lower 6 or 7 ribs.
78.3 Action
78.3.1 Acting bilaterally, extension of the spine, Acting unilaterally, laterally flexes the spine.
78.4 Nerve Supply
78.4.1 Dorsal rami of the spinal nerves.
78.5 Synergists
78.5.1 Longissimus thoracis, quadratus lumborum.
78.6 Category
78.6.1
78.7 View
78.7.1
Posterior View
79 ILIOCOSTALIS THORACIS
79.1 Origin
79.1.1 Superior borders of the angles of lower 6 ribs medial to the tendons of insertion of the iliocostalis lumborum.
79.2 Insertion
79.2.1 Into the angles of the upper 6 or 7 ribs and into the transverse process of the 7th cervical vertebra.
79.3 Action
79.3.1 Acting bilaterally, extension of the spine. Acting unilaterally, laterally flexes the spine.
79.4 Nerve Supply
79.4.1 Dorsal rami of the spinal nerves.
79.5 Synergists
79.5.1 Iliocostalis lumborum, longissimus thoracis, spinalis thoracis, semispinalis thoracis.
79.6 Category
79.6.1
79.7 View
79.7.1
Posterior View
80 INCISIVUS LABII INFERIORIS
80.1 Origin
80.1.1 The floor of the mandibles incisive fossa, late;ral to the mentalis muscle and below the emmence of the lateral mclsor tooth.
80.2 Insertion
80.2.1 To the orbicularis oris; suRerficial fibers reach the !lPex.and body of the modiolus while deep fibers reach the base and lrlfenor cornu.
80.3 Action
80.3.1 J;\ssis~s orpicularis o.ris (par~ peripheralis inferior and par margmalis mfenor) m protrudmg the lips.
80.4 Nerve Supply
80.4.1 Inferior buccal branches of the facial nerve (VII).
80.5 Arterial Supply
80.5.1 Inferior labial branch of the facial artery and mental branch from the inferior alveolar artery.
80.6 Synergists
80.6.1 Orbicularis oris, pars peripheralis inferior and pars margmalis mfenor
80.7 Antagonist
80.7.1 Buccinator, .depr~ssor anguli oris, risorius zygomaticus major and zygomaticus mmor.
80.8 Category
80.8.1
80.9 Note
80.9.1
( .denotes modiolus)
81 INCISIVUS LABII SUPERIORIS
81.1 Origin
81.1.1 Maxilla's incisive fossa superior to the eminence of the lateral incisor tooth.
81.2 Insertion
81.2.1 To the orbicularis oris; superficial fibers partly blend with levator ang1l;li oris and to the intermediate and apical modiolar zones. The deep fibers pass to the superior cornu and oasis moduli.
81.3 Action
81.3.1 Assists orbicularis oris (oars peripheralis superior and par marginalis superior) protrude the lips.
81.4 Nerve Supply
81.4.1 Superior buccal branches of the facial nerve (VII).
81.5 Arterial Supply
81.5.1 Superior labial branch of the facial artery.
81.6 Synergists
81.6.1 9rbicularis oris; pars peripheralis superior and par margmalts superIor.
81.7 Antagonists
81.7.1 Buccinator, zygomaticus major and minor, risorius, and depressor anguli oris.
81.8 Category
81.8.1
81.9 Note
81.9.1
( .denotes modiolus)
82 INFERIOR LONGITUDINAL LINGUALIS
82.1 Origin
82.1.1 The lin~al root with some fibres being connected to the body of the hyOId bone.
82.2 Insertion
82.2.1 Apex of the tongue.
82.3 Action
82.3.1 Shortens the and turns the apex and sides downward to make the dorsum convex.
82.4 Nerve Supply
82.4.1 Hypoglossal nerve (XII).
82.5 Arterial Supply
82.5.1 Lingual artery and its branches; dorsal lingual and sublingual rami.
82.6 Synergists
82.6.1 For shortening the tongue: Superior lingualis.
82.7 Antagonist
82.7.1 For depressing the apex and sides: Superior lingualis.
82.8 Category
82.8.1
83 INFERIOR OBLIQUE
83.1 Origin
83.1.1 The orbital surface of the maxilla lateral to the nasolacrimal groove.
83.2 Insertion
83.2.1 To the sclera behind the equator into the posterolateral quadrant of the globe between the inferior and lateral recti.
83.3 Action
83.3.1 Depresses the posterior aspect of the eye, hence, rotates the visual axis upwards (elevation) and laterally (abduction). In the anteroposterior axis it extorts the eye.
83.4 Nerve Supply
83.4.1 Branch from the inferior division of the oculomotor nerve (III).
83.5 Arterial Supply
83.5.1 A branch from the infraorbital artery.
83.6 Synergists
83.6.1 Vertical axis: Lateral rectus and superior oblique.
83.6.2 Transverse axis: Superior rectus.
83.6.3 Anteroposterior axis: Inferior rectus.
83.7 Antagonists
83.7.1 Vertical axis: Medial rectus, superior rectus, and inferior rectus.
83.7.2 Transverse axis: Superior oblique and inferior rectus.
83.7.3 Anteroposterior axis: Superior oblique and superior ltL-t .rectus.
83.8 Category
83.8.1
83.9 Note
83.9.1
(Note: All six extraocular muscles are involved, and act in
concert during an eye movement; synergists and antagonists depend on the
fIXation poin~ of the eye prior to movement.) O J
84 INFERIOR PHARYNGEAL CONSTRICTOR
84.1 Origin/Insertion
84.1.1 Anterior attachment:
84.1.1.1 Cricopha:ryngeal part: Side of the cricoid cartilage back to the inferior cornu of the thyroid cartilage.
84.1.1.2 Thyropharyngeus part: Oblique line of the thyroid lamina and a tendinous band behind this to the inferior thyroid tubercle.. the superior aspect of the cricoid cartilage and tne inferior cornu of the thyroid cartilage.
84.1.2 Posterior attachment:
84.1.2.1 Inferior fibres: Blend with the cricular esophageal fibers.
84.1.2.2 Middle fibres: Posterior median pharyngeal raphe.
84.1.2.3 Superior fibres: Median pharyngeal raphe, overlapping the middle pnaryngeal constrictor.
84.2 Action
84.2.1 General sphincteric and peristaltic action during swalloWIng.
84.3 Nerve Supply
84.3.1 Pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve (X), with filaments fromthe cra.nia1 accessory I;lerve tpat pass through the pharyngeal plexus. CrIcopharyngeus IS also mnervate;d by recurrent laryngeal and externarbranch of the superIor laryngeal nerves.
84.4 Arterial Supply
84.4.1 Branches from the superior thyroid artery and pharyngeal branches from the inferior thyroid artery.
84.5 Synergists
84.5.1 Superior and middle pharyngeal constrictors.
84.6 Antagonist
84.6.1 None
84.7 Category
84.7.1
85 INFERIOR RECTUS
85.1 Origin
85.1.1 inferior margin of optic canal on common annular tendon.
85.2 Insertion
85.2.1 Anteroinferior margin of the eye into the sclera about 6.5 mm. posterior to the margin of the cornea.
85.3 Action
85.3.1 Depresses the anterior of the eye, hence, rotates the eye in the transverse axis downwards. In the vertical axis it aids in m~d!al rotation (adduction) of the eye. In the anteroposterior axlS it extorts the eye.
85.4 Nerve Supply
85.4.1 Branch from the inferior division of the oculomotor nerve (III).
85.5 Arterial Supply
85.5.1 Muscular rami of the ophthalmic artery and a branch from the infraorbital artery.
85.6 Synergists
85.6.1 Vertical axis: Medial rectus and superior rectus.
85.6.2 Transverse axis: Superior oblique.
85.6.3 Anteroposterior axis: Inferior oblique.
85.7 Antagonists
85.7.1 Vertical axis: Inferior oblique, lateral rectus and superior oblique.
85.7.2 Transverse axis: Superior rectus and inferior oblique.
85.7.3 Anteroposterior axis; Superior rectus and superior oblique.
85.8 Category
85.8.1
85.9
Note
85.9.1
{Note: All six extraocular muscles are
involved, and act in concert duri~g a.n eye .movement; syn.ergists and
anta~onists depend on the flXatlon pomt of the eye pnor to movement.)
86 INFRASPINATUS (Rotator Cuff Muscle)
86.1 Origin
86.1.1 Infraspinous fossa of scapula
86.2 Insertion
86.2.1 Posterior aspect of greater tubercle of humerus, and capsule of shoulder joint.
86.3 Action
86.3.1 Lateral rotation of humerus at the shoulder. Stabilization of the glenohumeral joint.
86.3.2 REVERSED ORIGIN- INSERTION ACTION: With the arm fixed, abducts the inferior angle of the scapula.
86.4 Nerve Supply
86.4.1 Suprascapular, C4, 5, 6.
86.5 Synergists
86.5.1 Teres minor, subscapularis, supraspinatus, del- toid.
86.6 Category
86.6.1
86.7 View
86.7.1
Posterior View
87 INTERNAL ABDOMINAL OBLIQUE (Anterior Division)
87.1 Origin
87.1.1 Lateral '.?/3 of the inquinalligament and the anterior 1/3 of the middle (or intermediate) line of the iliac crest.
87.2 Insertion
87.2.1 Crest of the pubis and the linea alba by its aponeurosis.
87.3 Action
87.3.1 Acting unilaterally, rotates the trunk to the same side, and laterally flexes the trunk toward the side of muscle contraction. Acting bilaterally, flexes the vertebral column, approximating the anterior thorax and pelvis. Supports and compresses the ab- dominal viscera. Assists in forced expiration.
87.4 Nerve Supply
87.4.1 Ventral rami of T7 -12, and iliohypogastric and ilioinquinal nerves, L 1.
87.5 Synergists
87.5.1 Opposite external oblique, rectus abdominis.
87.6 Category
87.6.1
87.7 View
87.7.1 Lateral View
88 INTERNAL ABDOMINAL OBLIQUE (Lateral Division)
88.1 Origin
88.1.1 Middle 1/3 of the iliac crest on the middle line and thoraco lumbar fascia.
88.2 Insertion
88.2.1 Inferior borders of the 1Oth, 11th and 12th ribs.
88.3 Action
88.3.1 Acting unilaterally, approximates thorax and pelvis laterally. Contributes to rotation of the trunk on the fixed pelvis toward the side of contraction.
88.3.2 Acting bilaterally, flexes the trunk on the pelvis.
88.4 Nerve Supply
88.4.1 Ventral rami of T7 -12, and iliohypogastric and ilioinquinal nerves, L 1.
88.5 Synergists
88.5.1 : Internal oblique (anterior division, contralateral ex- ternal oblique, rectus abdominis.
88.6 Category
88.6.1
88.7 View
88.7.1
Lateral View
89 INTERNAL INTERCOSTALS
89.1 Origin
89.1.1 Superior border of rib below.
89.2 Insertion
89.2.1 Inferior border of rib above.
89.3 Action
89.3.1 Depress the ribs during expiration.
89.4 Nerve Supply
89.4.1 Branches from corresponding intercostal nerves.
89.5 Synergists
89.5.1 Serratus posterior inferior. Quadratus lumborum.
89.6 Category
89.6.1
89.7 View
89.7.1
Lateral View
90 INTERSPINALES
90.1 Origin and Insertion
90.1.1 Pairs of small muscles joining the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae, one on each side of the interspinous ligament. Continuous in the cervical region extending from the axis to the 2nd thoracic vertebra and in the lumbar region from the first lumbar vertebra to the sacrum.
90.2 Action
90.2.1 Extension of the spine.
90.3 Nerve Supply
90.3.1 Dorsal rami of the spinal nerves.
90.4 Synergists
90.4.1 Multifidus rotatores, intertransversarii groups.
90.5 Category
90.5.1
90.6 View
90.6.1
Posterlor an tera lew
91 INTERTRANSVERSARII
91.1 Origin and Insertion
91.1.1 Pairs of small muscles, anterior and posterior, on each side of the spine joining the transverse proces- ses of adjacent vertebrae. They extend from the atlas to the first thoracic vertebra and from the 10th thoracic vertebra to the last lumbar vertebra.
91.2 Action
91.2.1 Acting unilaterally, lateral flexion of the spine.
91.3 Nerve Supply
91.3.1 Ventral and dorsal rami of the spinal nerves.
91.4 Synergists
91.4.1 Interspinales, rotatores, multifidus groups.
91.5 Category
91.5.1
91.6 View
91.6.1
Posterior
View
92 INTRINSIC AURICULAR MUSCLES
92.1 Origin
92.1.1 Helicis major: Spine of helix.
92.1.2 Helicis minor: Cavum conchae.
92.1.3 Tragicus: Superolateral aspect of the tragus.
92.1.4 Antitragicus: Outer part of the antitragus prominence.
92.1.5 Transverse auriculae: Eminentia conchae on the cranial aspect of the auricle.
92.1.6 Obliquus auriculae: Upper and posterior parts of the eminentia conchae on the cranial aspect of the auricle.
92.2 Insertion
92.2.1 Helicis major: The anterior border of the helix, where the helixis about to cUlVe back.
92.2.2 Helicis minor: The crus of commencement of the helix.
92.2.3 Tragicus: Inferolateral aspect of the tragus.
92.2.4 Antitragicus: The tail of the helix and the antihelix.
92.2.5 Transverse auriculae: Eminentia scaphae on the cranial aspect of the auricle.
92.2.6 G Obliquus auriculae: Eminentia triangularis on the J O .cranial aspect of the auricle.
92.3 Action
92.3.1 Minimal action in man.
92.4 Nerve Supply
92.4.1 Lateral surface muscles; temporal branch of the facial nerve (VII).
92.4.2 Cranial surface muscles; posterior auricular branch of the facial nerve (VII).
92.5 Arterial Supply
92.5.1 Auric.ular rami from the.poster.ior auricular branch of the external carotid artery, the antenor auncular branches of the superficial tempora1 artery, and auricular branch from the occipital artery.
92.6 Synergists
92.6.1
92.7 Category
92.7.1
93 ISCHIOCAVERNOSUS
93.1 Origin
93.1.1
93.2 Insertion
93.2.1
93.3 Action
93.3.1
93.4 Nerve Supply
93.4.1
93.5 Synergists
93.5.1
93.6 Category
93.6.1
94 LATERAL CRICOARYTENOID
94.1 Origin
94.1.1 Uppelborder~fthe cricoid arch.
94.2 Insertion
94.2.1 Ape;x of the af..Y.tenoid muscular process, just lateral to the posterIor crIcoarytenoIds attachments.
94.3 Action
94.3.1 Rotates the arytenoid, thus closing the attached vocal folds (adductor of vocal cords).
94.4 Nerve Supply
94.4.1 Recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve (X)
94.5 Arterial Supply
94.5.1 Superior laryngeal branch of the suRerior thyroid artery and the inferior laryngeal branch of the inferior thyroId artery
94.6 Synergists
94.6.1 Transverse arytenoids
94.7 Antagonist
94.7.1 Posterior cricoarytenoid
94.8 Category
94.8.1
95 LATERAL PTERYGOID
95.1 Origin
95.1.1 Upper head: Infratemporal crest and lateral surface of tlie greater wing of the sphenoid
95.1.2 Lower head: Lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate
95.2 Insertion
95.2.1 The depression on the anterior aspect of the m,andibular neck (pteryg9id fo,:e~) and to the articular capsule and dISC of the temporomanQlbular JOInt
95.3 Action
95.3.1 Aids in opening the jaw; protrudes the mandible; moves mandible from side to sIde
95.3.2 Acting with thy ipsilateral medial pterygoId It rotates the mandIble on a vertIcal axIS
95.4 Nerve Supply
95.4.1 Branches from the anterior trunk of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (V3)
95.5 Arterial Supply
95.5.1 Lateral pterygoid branch of the maxillary artery, a,nd for the upper head, the accessory meningeal branch of the maxIllary artery
95.6 Synergists
95.6.1 For opening the jaw: Digastric, mylohyoid and geniohyoid when infrahyoid muscles contract to fix fiyoid Done, and platysma
95.6.2 For protrusion: Medial pterygoids. For side-to-side: Masseter
95.7 Antagonists
95.7.1 For opening the jaw: The anterior fibers of the temporalis, the masseter and medial pterygoids
95.7.2 For protrusion: The posterior fibers of the temporalis
95.8 Category
95.8.1
96 LATERAL RECTUS
96.1 Origin
96.1.1 Inferolateral margin of the optic canal on the common annular tendon with a small tendinous slip attached to the orbital surface of the greater wing of the sphenoid, lateral to the annulus
96.2 Insertion
96.2.1 Lateral margin of the eye into the sclera about 6.9 mm posterior to the margin of the cornea
96.3 Action
96.3.1 In the vertical axis it laterally rotates (abducts) the eye
96.4 Nerve Supply
96.4.1 Abducent nerve (VI)
96.5 Arterial Supply
96.5.1 Muscular rami from the lacrimal branch of the ophthalmic artery
96.6 Synergists
96.6.1 Superior and inferior oblique
96.7 Antagonists
96.7.1 Medial rectus, inferior rectus and superior rectus
96.8 Category
96.8.1
96.9 Note
96.9.1
(No.te: All six extraocular muscles,are involved, an~ act in
concert dun~g a.n. eye,movement; syn,erglsts and anta~ornsts depend on the
flXatlon pomt of the eye pnor to movement.)
97 LATISSIMUS DORSI
97.1 Origin
97.1.1 Broad aponeurosis that originates on the spinous proces- ses of lower 6 thoracic and all lumbar vertebrae; posterior crest of ilium, posterior surface of sacrum, lower 3 or 4 ribs, and an attachment to the inferior angle of the scapula
97.2 Insertion
97.2.1 Flat tendon that twists upon itself to insert into the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus, just anterior to and parallel with tendon of pectoralis major
97.3 Action
97.3.1 Extends, retracts and medially rotates the humerus at the shoulder. Through its action on the humerus it depresses, retracts and rotates the scapula downwards. Assists in forced expiration
97.4 Nerve Supply
97.4.1 Thoracodorsal from brachial plexus, C6, 7, 8
97.5 Synergists
97.5.1 Rhomboids, pectoralis major, teres major
97.6 Category
97.6.1
97.7 View
97.7.1
Posterior View
98 LEVATOR ANGULI ORIS(CANINUS)
98.1 Origin
98.1.1 The canine fossa below the infraorbital foramen
98.2 Insertion
98.2.1 The modiolus at the angle of the mouth, min.e;lingwith the zygomaticus major, depressor ang\l;li oris, and of orbicularIs oris. Some superficial fi5ers atfach to the floor of the lower part of the nasolabiarfurrow
98.3 Action
98.3.1 Raises the angle of the mouth. Fixes the modiolus
98.4 Nerve Supply
98.4.1 Superior buccal branches of the facial ne1Ve (VII)
98.5 Arterial
Supply
98.5.1 Branches from facial and infra-orbital arteries
98.6 Synergists
98.6.1 For elevation of the modiolus: Zygomaticus major
98.6.2 For elevation of buccal angle: Lateral slip of levator labii superioris alaC?que nasi, levator labii superioris and zygomatIcus mInor
98.7 Antagonists
98.7.1 Depressor anguli oris, platysma and orbicularis OrIs
98.8 Category
98.8.1
98.9 Note
98.9.1
( .denotes modiolus)
99 LEVATOR ANI, ILIAC PART(ILIOCOCCYGEUS)
99.1 Origin
99.1.1
99.2 Insertion
99.2.1
99.3 Action
99.3.1
99.4 Nerve Supply
99.4.1
99.5 Synergists
99.5.1
99.6 Category
99.6.1
100 LEVATOR ANI, PUBIC PART(PUBOCOCCYGEUS)
100.1 Origin
100.1.1
100.2 Insertion
100.2.1
100.3 Action
100.3.1
100.4 Nerve Supply
100.4.1
100.5 Synergists
100.5.1
100.6 Category
100.6.1
101 LEVATOR LABII SUPERIORIS
101.1 Origin
101.1.1 The inferior orbital mar.e;in on both the maxilla and zygomatic bones above the infraorbital foramen
101.2 Insertion
101.2.1 The upper lip between the lateral slip of levator labii superioris alaequ.e n.asi and zygomaticus minor. Also, superficial to the levator anguli OrIS
101.3 Action
101.3.1 Elevates and everts the upper lip
101.4 Nerve Supply
101.4.1 Superior buccal branches of the facial nerve (VII)
101.5 Arterial Supply
101.5.1 Branches from infraorbital artery, branches from the facial and transverse facial arteries
101.6 Synergists
101.6.1 Lateral slip of levator labii superioris alaeque nasi, levator anguli oris and zygomaticus major and minor
101.7 Antagonists
101.7.1 Depressor anguli oris and orbicularis oris
101.8 Category
101.8.1
102 LEVATOR LABII SUPERIORIS ALAEQUE NASI
102.1 Origin
102.1.1 Upper part of the frontal process of the maxillary bone
102.2 Insertion
102.2.1 Medial slip: The greater alar cartilage and skin of nose
102.2.2 Lateral slip: Inserts into the lip blending with the orbicularis oris and levator labii superioris
102.3 Action
102.3.1 Medial slip: Dilates the nostril; displaces laterally the curvature of the inferolateral convex circumalar furrow
102.3.2 Lateral slip: Raises and everts the upper lip. Raises the curvature of the nasolabial furrows superior part (direct labial tractor)
102.4 Nerve Supply
102.4.1 Superior buccal branches of the facial nerve (VII)
102.5 Arterial Supply
102.5.1 Lateral nasal branch from the facial artery, !lIar bra~ches from the superior labial artery and rami from tlie Infraorbital artery
102.6 Synergists
102.6.1 Medial slip: Dilator nasi
102.6.2 Latera.1 slip: Levator labii sll;pet:ioris, zygomaticus major and mmor and levator anguh OrIs
102.7 Antagonsts
102.7.1 Depressor anguli oris and orbicularis oris
102.8 Category
102.8.1
103 LEVATOR PALPEBRAE SUPERIORIS
103.1 Origin
103.1.1
103.2 Insertion
103.2.1
103.3 Action
103.3.1
103.4 Nerve Supply
103.4.1
103.5 Synergists
103.5.1
103.6 Category
103.6.1 Eye Ball & Facial Expression
104 LEVATOR SCAPULAE
104.1 Origin
104.1.1 Transverse processes of first four cervical vertebrae
104.2 Insertion
104.2.1 Vertebral border of scapula between superior angle and scapular spine
104.3 Action
104.3.1 Elevates the scapula and rotates the scapula downwards so the glenoid cavity faces inferiorly. Working with the upper trapezius, elevates and retracts the scapula
104.3.2 REVERSED ORIGIN-INSERTION ACTION: When scapula is fixed, laterally flexes and slightly rotates cervical spine to the same side
104.4 Nerve Supply
104.4.1 Dorsal scapular C5, and ventral rami of C3, 4
104.5 Synergists
104.5.1 Rhomboids and trapezius
104.6 Category
104.6.1
104.7 View
104.7.1 Posterior
View
105 LEVATOR VELI PALATINI
105.1 Origin
105.1.1 The inferior surface of the apex of the petrous part of the temporal bone, the uEPer part of the carotid sheath, and the inferior aspect of the cartIlaginous part of the auditory tube
105.2 Insertion
105.2.1 Blends in the soft palate and palatine aponeurosis with it's opposite between the two strands of the palatopharyngeus muscle
105.3 Action
105.3.1 Elevates the soft palate, closing off the passage between the nasopharynx and oropharynx
105.4 Nerve Supply
105.4.1 Pharyngeal branch of the vagus (X), with the filaments chiefly from the cranial accessory nerve that pass through the pharyngeal plexus
105.5 Arterial Supply
105.5.1 Greater palatine branch of the maxillary artery, the ascending palatine branch of the facial artery, a variable ramus from tne ascending pharyngeaL artery
105.5.2
105.6 Synergists
105.6.1 None
105.7 Antagonist
105.7.1 None
105.8 Category
105.8.1
105.9 View
105.9.1
(Note: The maxillary artery is cut.)
106 LEVATORES COSTARUM BREVES
106.1 Origin
106.1.1 Transverse processes of the 7th cervical and upper 11 thoracic vertebrae
106.2 Insertion
106.2.1 The outer surface of the rib immediately below the vertebra from which it takes origin, between the tubercle and the angle
106.3 Action
106.3.1 Elevate the ribs during inspiration. Extend the vertebral column, bend it laterally and rotate it slightly toward the opposite side
106.4 Nerve Supply
106.4.1 From the corresponding thoracic dorsal rami lateral branches
106.5 Synergists
106.5.1 External intercostals
106.5.2 Serratus posterior superior
106.5.3 Internal intercostals
106.6 Category
106.6.1
106.7 View
106.7.1 Posterior
View
107 LEVATORES COSTARUM LONGI
107.1 Origin
107.1.1 Transverse processes of the 7th -1Oth thoracic vertebrae
107.2 Insertion
107.2.1 The outer surface of the 2nd rib below its origin, between the tubercle and the angle
107.3 Action
107.3.1 Elevate the ribs during inspiration. Extend the vertebral column, bend it laterally and rotate it slightly toward the opposite side
107.4 Nerve Supply
107.4.1 From the corresponding thoracic dorsal rami lateral branches
107.5 Synergists
107.5.1 External intercostals, internal intercostals, levator costarum brevis
107.6 Category
107.6.1
107.7 View
107.7.1 Posterior
View
108 LONGISSIMUS CAPITIS
108.1 Origin
108.1.1 Transverse processes of the 1st -Sth thoracic vertebrae and the articular processes of the 4th -7th cervical vertebrae
108.2 Insertion
108.2.1 The posterior margin of the mastoid process
108.3 Action
108.3.1 Acting bilaterally, extends the head; acting unilaterally, laterally flexes and rotates the head to the same side
108.4 Nerve Supply
108.4.1 Dorsal rami of the spinal nerves
108.5 Synergists
108.5.1 Semispinalis capitis, spinalis capitis, longissimus cervicis
108.6 Category
108.6.1
108.7 View
108.7.1 Posterior
View
109 LONGISSIMUS CERVICIS
109.1 Origin
109.1.1 Transverse processes of the 1 st -Sth thoracic vertebrae
109.2 Insertion
109.2.1 Transverse processes of the 2nd -6th cervical ver- tebrae and sometimes to the atlas transverse process
109.3 Action
109.3.1 Acting unilaterally, laterally flexes the neck
109.3.2 Acting bilaterally, extension of the neck
109.4 Nerve Supply
109.4.1 Dorsal rami of the spinal nerves
109.5 Synergists
109.5.1 Semispinalis capitis
109.5.2 Semispinalis cervicis
109.5.3 Iliocos- talis cervicis
109.5.4 Longissimus cervicis
109.5.5 Longissimus capitis
109.5.6 Spinalis cervicis
109.5.7 Deep posterior spinal group
109.6 Category
109.6.1
109.7 View
109.7.1 Posterior View
110 LONGISSIMUS THORACIS
110.1 Origin
110.1.1 The common broad thick tendon with the iliocostalis lumborum, fibers from the transverse and accessory processes of the lumbar vertebrae and thoracolumbar fascia
110.2 Insertion
110.2.1 The tips of transverse process of all thoracic ver- tebrae and the lower 9 or 10 ribs between the tubercles and angles
110.3 Action
110.3.1 Acting unilaterally, laterally flexes the vertebral column.
110.3.2 Acting bilaterally, extension of vertebral column; draws ribs down
110.4 Nerve Supply
110.4.1 Dorsal rami of the spinal nerves
110.5 Synergists
110.5.1 : Iliocostalis lumborum, iliocostalis thoracis, quad- ratus lumborum
110.6 Category
110.6.1
110.7 View
110.7.1 Posterior
View
111 LONGUS CAPITIS
111.1 Origin
111.1.1 Anterior tubercles of transverse processes of the 3rd -6th cervical vertebrae
111.2 Insertion
111.2.1 Inferior surface of the basilar portion of the occipital bone
111.3 Action
111.3.1 Acting bilaterally, flexes cervical vertebrae and head.
111.3.2 Acting unilaterally, rotates and laterally flexes cervical vertebrae and head to the same side
111.4 Nerve Supply
111.4.1 Ventral rami of C1, 2, 3
111.5 Synergists
111.5.1 : Longus colli, sternocleidomastoid, scalenus group, suprahyoid, infrahyoid and the platysma
111.6 Category
111.6.1
111.7 View
111.7.1 Anterior View
112 LONGUS CAPITIS ANTERIOR
112.1 Origin
112.1.1
112.2 Insertion
112.2.1
112.3 Action
112.3.1
112.4 Nerve Supply
112.4.1
112.5 Synergists
112.5.1
112.6 Category
112.6.1
113 LONGUS COLLI
113.1 Origin
113.1.1 INFERIOR OBLIQUE PART: Ist, 2nd or 3rd thoracic vertebral bodies
113.1.2 SUPERIOR OBLIQUE PART: Anterior tubercles of 3rd, 4th and Sth cervical transverse processes
113.1.3 VERTICAL PART: Anterior aspects of the Sth, 6th and 7th cervical and 1st, 2nd and 3rd thoracic vertebral bodies
113.2 Insertion
113.2.1 INFERIOR OBLIQUE PART: Anterior tubercles of the Sth, 6th or 7th cervical transverse processes
113.2.2 SUPERIOR OBLIQUE PART: Anterolateral surface of the atlanta anterior tubercle, anterior tubercle
113.2.3 VERTICAL PART: Anterior aspects of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th cervi- cal vertebral bodies
113.3 Action
113.3.1 Acting bilaterally, flexes cervical vertebrae. Acting unilaterally, assists in rotation to opposite side and lateral flexion
113.4 Nerve Supply
113.4.1 Ventral rami of C2 -6
113.5 Synergists
113.5.1 Scalenus group, sternocleidomastoid, longus capitis, suprahyoid, infrahyoid and the platysma
113.6 Category
113.6.1
113.7 View
113.7.1
Anterior View
114 LUMBRICALS (FOOT)
114.1 Origin
114.1.1 From two adjacent tendons of the flexor digitorum lon- gus, except the first, which arises from the medial side of the first tendon of the flexor digitorum longus
114.2 Insertion
114.2.1 On the medial side of the proximal phalanx, into the dorsal expansions of the tendons to the extensor digitorum longus of the 2nd .Sth toes
114.3 Action
114.3.1 Extends interphalangeal joints and assists in flexing metatarsalphalangeal joints of the 2nd .Sth toes
114.4 Nerve Supply
114.4.1 1st lumbricale: medial plantar, S2, 3. 2nd, 3rd, 4th lumbricales: lateral plantar, 82, 3
114.5 Synergists
114.5.1 Flexor digitorum brevis and longus for the metatar- sophalangeal articulation, extensor digitorum longus and brevis for the extensor function; dorsal and plantar interossei
114.6 Category
114.6.1
114.7 View
114.7.1
Plantar View (2nd Plantar Layer)
115 LUMBRICALS (HAND)
115.1 Origin
115.1.1 Tendons of flexor digitorum profundus in center of palm
115.2 Insertion
115.2.1 Around the radial side of the metacarpal bone and into the extensor expansion
115.3 Action
115.3.1 Principal extensors of the interphalangeal joints. Weak flexor of the metacarpophalangeal joints
115.4 Nerve Supply
115.4.1 1 st and 2nd lumbricals from 3rd and 4th palmar digital branches of the median nerve. 3rd and 4th lumbricals from deep branch of the ulnar nerve, C8, T1
115.5 Synergists
115.5.1 Dorsal interossei, palmar interossei, flexor digitorum profundus, flexor digitorum superficialis
115.6 Category
115.6.1
115.7 View
115.7.1
Anterior
View
116 MASSETER
116.1 Origin
116.1.1 Superficial layer: Zygomatic process of the maxillary bone and the anterior 2/3 of tlle inferior border of the zygomatic arch
116.1.2 Dee-p layer: Posterior li3 of inferior border and medial surface of zygomatic arch
116.2 Insertion
116.2.1 Superficial layer: Angle of mandible (continuous with medial pte.rygoid) ana lower posterior 1/2 of the lateral surface of ItS ramus
116.2.2 Deep layer: Upper part of the mandibular ramus and lateral surface of coronoid process
116.3 Action
116.3.1 Closes jaw, forms mandibular sling with the medial pterygoid.
116.3.2 Minimal action in side-to-side, protraction and retraction movements
116.4 Nerve Supply
116.4.1 Masseteric branch from the anterior trunk of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (V3)
116.5 Arterial Supply
116.5.1 Masseteric branch of maxillary artery and branches froth the facial and transverse facial arteries
116.6 Synergists
116.6.1 The masseter and medial pterygoid act together forming the mandibular sling. Temporalis muscle
116.7 Antagonists
116.7.1 Digastric, mylohyoid and geniohyoid when InfrahyoId muscles contract to flX hyoId bone
116.8 Category
116.8.1
117 MEDIAL PTERYGOID
117.1 Origin
117.1.1 Deep attachments
117.1.1.1 Medial aspect of the lateral pterygoid plate an<;l gI:ooved surface of the pyra~idal process of the palatine bone
117.1.2 Superficial attachment
117.1.2.1 Lateral surfaces of the pyra.midal proce.ss of the palatine bone and the maxIllary tuDeroslty
117.2 Insertion
117.2.1 A strong tendinous lamina inferoposterior to the medial surfaces of the mandibular ramus and angle
117.3 Action
117.3.1 Closes the jaw. Forms mandibular slinK with masseter muscle. Acting with tile ipsilateral lateral pterygoid, it rotates the mandible to the opposite slGe
117.4 Nerve Supply
117.4.1 Branches from the anterior trunk of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (V3)
117.5 Arterial Supply
117.5.1 Branches from maxillary artery; Medial pterygoid artery and accessory meningeal artery
117.6 Synergists
117.6.1 For closing the jaw; Masseter and anterior fibers of temporahs
117.7 Antagonists
117.7.1 For closing the jaw; Mylohyoid, digastric and geniohyoid when infrahyoid muscles contract to fix hyoidDone
117.8 Category
117.8.1
117.9 View
117.9.1
(Note: Zygomatic bone and ramus of mandible have been removed).
118 MEDIAL RECTUS
118.1 Origin
118.1.1 Superomedial, medial and inferomedial margins of the optic canal on the common annular tendon
118.2 Insertion
118.2.1 Anteromedial margin of the eye into the sclera about 5.5 mm posterior to the margIn of the cornea
118.3 Action
118.3.1 In the vertical axis it medially rotates (adducts) the eye
118.4 Nerve Supply
118.4.1 Branch from the inferior division of the oculomotor nerve (III)
118.5 Arterial Supply
118.5.1 Muscular rami from the ophthalmic branch of the internal carotid artery
118.6 Synergists
118.6.1 Superior and inferior rectus
118.7 Antagonists
118.7.1 Lateral rectus, superior and inferior oblique
118.8 Category
118.8.1
118.9
118.9.1
(Note: All six extraocular muscles are involved, and act in
concert during an eye movement; synergists and antagonists depend on the
fIXation point of the eye prior to movement.)
119 MENTALIS
119.1 Origin
119.1.1 From the incisive fossa of the mandible
119.2 Insertion
119.2.1 The skin of the chin
119.3 Action
119.3.1 Raises the mental tissues, mentolabial sulcus and base of the lower lip
119.4 Nerve Supply
119.4.1 Mandibular marginal branch of the facial nerve (VII)
119.5 Arterial Supply
119.5.1 Mental branch of inferior alveolar artery and inferior labial and submental branches of the facial artery
119.6 Synergists
119.6.1 Levator anguli oris and zygomaticus major
119.7 Antagonists
119.7.1 Depressor labii inferioris and depressor anguli OrIs
119.8 Category
119.8.1
120 MIDDLE PHARYNGEAL CONSTRICTOR
120.1 Origin/Insertion
120.1.1 Anterior attachments
120.1.1.1 Chondropharyngeal part: The lesser hyoid c.ornu ana the lower part of the stylohyoid ltgament
120.1.1.2 Ceratopha!'Jngeal part: The whole upI?er border of tlie greafer cornu of the hyoid bone
120.1.2 Posterior attachment
120.1.2.1 The posterior median pharypgeal raphe.
120.1.2.2 Superior:ly, fib.ers oyerlaRPing the superIor pharyngeal constrIctor; ferlorly, libers blend with the inferior pharyngeal constrictor
120.2 Action
120.2.1 General sphincteric and peristaltic action during swalloWIng
120.3 Nerve Supply
120.3.1 Pharyn~eal branch of the vagus nerve (X), with filaments from the crania1 accessory nerve thaI pass throug1i the pharyngeal plexus
120.4 Arterial Supply
120.4.1 Ascending pharyngeal artery, ascending Ralatine and tonsillar branches of the facial artery; the dorsal lingual branch of the lingual artery
120.5 Synergists
120.5.1 Inferior and superior pharyngeal constrictors
120.6 Antagonist
120.6.1 Stylopharyngeus dilates the pharynx
120.7 Category
120.7.1
121 MULTIFIDUS
121.1 Origin
121.1.1 A series of pairs of small muscles extending the full length of the spine just superlicial to the rotatores and each spanning 2 or 3 intervertebral spaces before inserting
121.1.2 Posterior surface of the sacrum, the dorsal end of the iliac crest, the mamillary and transverse processes of the lumbar and the thoracic vertebrae and the articular processes of the 4th -7th cervical vertebrae
121.2 Insertion
121.2.1 Spinous processes of all the vertebrae except the atlas
121.3 Action
121.3.1 Acting unilaterally, lateral flexion and rotation to the opposite side. Acting bilaterally, extension of the spine
121.4 Nerve Supply
121.4.1 Dorsal rami of the spinal nerves
121.5 Synergists
121.5.1 Rotatores, interspinales, intertransversarii groups
121.6 Category
121.6.1
121.7 View
121.7.1 Posterior
View