Stretching Chapter Illustrations
Ted Nissen Copyright December 2003
Table of Contents
1 Factors Related to Flexibility and
Stretching
1.1 An Overview of Flexibility
1.2 Contractile Components of Muscle:
Limiting Factors of Flexibility
1.3 Connective Tissue as a Limiting
Factor of Flexibility
1.4 Mechanical and Dynamic Properties
of Soft Tissues
1.5 The Neurophysiology of
Flexibility: Neural Anatomy and Neural Transmission
1.7 Social Facilitation and
Psychology in Relation to Stretching
1.10 Muscular Soreness: Its Etiology
and Consequences
1.11 Types and Varieties of Stretching
2.1 The Lower Extremity and Pelvic
Girdle
1 Factors Related to Flexibility and Stretching
1.1 An Overview of Flexibility
1.1.1 None
1.2 Contractile Components of Muscle: Limiting Factors of Flexibility
1.2.1 Skeletal Muscle
1.2.2 Sarcotubular System
1.2.3 Sliding Filament Theory
1.2.4 Sarcomere Lengthening and Shortening
1.2.5 Muscle Balance
1.3 Connective Tissue as a Limiting Factor of Flexibility
1.3.1 Collagen Hierarchy
1.3.2 Collagen Ultrastructure
1.3.3 Collagen Weave Pattern
1.3.4 Collagen Cross-Links
1.4 Mechanical and Dynamic Properties of Soft Tissues
1.4.1 Length-Tension Diagram
1.4.2 Response of Tissues
1.4.3 Summary of Factors
1.5 The Neurophysiology of Flexibility: Neural Anatomy and Neural Transmission
1.5.1 Motor Neuron
1.5.2 Action Potential
1.5.3 Phasic and Tonic Receptor Discharges
1.5.4 Neuromuscular Spindle
1.5.5 Innervation of Intrafusal Fibers
1.5.6 Golgi Tendon Organ Discharge
1.6 Osteology and Arthrology
1.6.1 Plane Joint
1.6.2 Hinge Joint
1.6.3 Pivot Joint
1.6.4 Condyloid Joint
1.6.5 Saddle Joint
1.6.6 Ball and Socket Joint
1.6.7 Seven Primary Movements
1.7 Social Facilitation and Psychology in Relation to Stretching
1.7.1 None
1.8 Potpourri
1.8.1 The Male Pelvis
1.8.2 The Female Pelvis
1.8.3 Normal Flexibility According to Age
1.9 Relaxation
1.9.1 None
1.10 Muscular Soreness: Its Etiology and Consequences
1.10.1 Concentric and Eccentric Contraction
1.11 Types and Varieties of Stretching
1.11.1 Types of Motion
1.11.2 Flexibility Zones
1.11.3 PNF Procedures
1.11.4 Concept of Manipulation
1.12 Stretching Concepts
1.12.1 Theoretical Model
1.12.2 Natural Flexibility
2 Functional Anatomy
2.1 The Lower Extremity and Pelvic Girdle
2.1.1 The Bones and Joints of the Foot
2.1.2 Medial and Lateral Views of the Ligaments of the Ankle
2.1.3 Inversion and Eversion of the Ankle
2.1.4 Flexion and Extension of the Ankle
2.1.5 The Bones of the Upper and Lower Limb
2.1.6 Flexion of the Knee
2.1.7 Extension and Hyperextension fo the Knee
2.1.8 The Femur and Hip Joint
2.1.9 The Hamstrings
2.1.10 The Hurdler’s Stretch
2.1.11 The Adductors (Groin)
2.1.12 The Quadriceps
2.1.13 Hip Angle Male and Female
2.1.14 The Angle of Inclination
2.1.15 The Angle of Declination
2.1.16 Hip Flexion
2.1.17 Straight Leg Raising Test
2.1.18 The Hip (Extension)
2.1.19 Abduction of the Hip
2.1.20 The Straddle Split
2.1.21 Medial (Inward) and Lateral (Outward) Hip Rotation
2.2 The Vertebral Column
2.2.1 Lateral View of the Spine
2.2.2 Abnormal Curvature of the Vertebral Column
2.2.3 The Vertebral Segment
2.2.4 The Fulcrum of Movement
2.2.5 Functions of the Nucleus Pulposus
2.2.6 Controlled Motion
2.2.7 Restraining Ligaments of the Spine
2.2.8 The Thoracic and Lumbar Spine (Flexion)
2.2.9 The Thoracic and Lumbar Spine (Extension)
2.2.10 The Thoracic and Lumbar Spine (Lateral Bending)
2.2.11 Forward-Bending Test for Length of Poster Muscles
2.2.12 Segmental site and Degree of Lumbar Flexion
2.2.13 Lumbar Pelvic Rhythm
2.2.14 Mechanism of Acute Facet Impingement
2.2.15 Sciatic Nerve Irritation
2.2.16 Mechanism of Stretch Pain
2.2.17 The Effect of a Load Anterior to the Vertebral Body
2.2.18 Proper Versus Improper Flexion and Reextension
2.2.19 Faulty Reextension
2.2.20 The Cervical Vertebrae
2.2.21 Motions of the Cervical Spine
2.3 The Upper Extremity
2.3.1 Composite Drawing of the Shoulder Girdle
2.3.2 The Shoulder Girdle Ligaments
2.3.3 Glenohumeral and Scapulothoracic Motion
2.3.4 Scapulohumeral Rhythm
2.3.5 Scapular Elevation
2.3.6 Accessory Movement of the Scapulohumeral Rhythm
2.3.7 Extension and Backward Extension
2.3.8 Abduction and Adduction of the Shoulder
2.3.9 Rotary Shoulder Motion
2.3.10 Horizontal Transverse Abduction (Extension and Adduction (Flexion) of the Shoulder
2.3.11 Shoulder Motions
2.3.12 Protraction (Flexion) and Retraction (Extension) of the Scapula
2.3.13 Radioulnar Joints
2.3.14 Ligaments of the Elbow Medial and Lateral Views
2.3.15 Elbow Motion
2.3.16 Pronation and Supination
2.3.17 Bones of the Wrist and Hand
2.3.18 Flexors of the Wrist (Anterior)
2.3.19 Extensors of the Wrist (Posterior)
2.3.20 Wrist Motions