Definitions

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 Abduction. 4

2 Active Myofascial Trigger Point 4

3 Active Range of Motion. 4

4 Active Trigger Point 4

17 Anterior or ventral (motor) root 5

22 Associated Myofascial Trigger Point 6

30 Axonal transport 6

31 Axoplasmic flow.. 6

41 Cell body (Neuron) 7

42 Central nervous system (CNS) 7

43 Centric Occlusion. 7

44 Centric Relation. 7

45 Choroid Plexuses. 7

46 Chronic disease. 7

52 Composite Pain Pattern. 8

53 Concentric contraction. 8

59 Counterirritation. 8

66 Dendrites (dendron = tree branch) 9

74 Eccentric Contraction. 9

79 Entrapment Syndrome. 9

80 Epineurium. 9

81 Essential Pain Zone (Area) 10

99 Flat Palpation. 11

100 Force. 11

101 Gamma motor neuron. 11

102 Ganglia Coccygeal 11

103 Ganglia Lumbar 11

104 Ganglia Sacral 11

105 Ganglion. 11

106 Ganglion Sympathetic. 11

111 Horizontal Extension. 12

112 Horizontal Flexion. 12

117 Hyperesthesia. 12

118 Hyperirritable. 12

141 Intermuscular Septa. 13

142. 13

143. 13

1 Abduction

1.1 Movement away from the mid- line. For fingers, it is movement away from the midline of the middle digit. For the thumb, it is movement perpendicular to, and away from, the plane of the palm. For the hand, at the wrist, it is radial deviation of the hand, which is away from the mid- line of the body in the anatomical position of the hand. For the arm, at the shoulder, abduction raises the elbow away from the body sideways until the elbow is overhead. For the scapula, it is rotation to make the glenoid fossa face upward, as the scapula glides across the chest wall away from the midline.

2 Active Myofascial Trigger Point

2.1 A focus of hyperirritability in a muscle or its fascia that is symptomatic with respect to pain; it refers a pattern of pain at rest and/or on motion that is specific for the muscle. An active trigger point is always tender, pre- vents full lengthening of the muscle, weak- ens the muscle, usually refers pain on direct compression, mediates a local twitch response of muscle fibers when adequately stimulated, and often produces specific referred autonomic phenomena, generally in its pain reference zone. To be distinguished from a latent myofascial trigger point.

3 Active Range of Motion

3.1 The extent of movement (usually expressed in degrees) of an anatomical part at a joint when the movement is produced only by voluntary effort of that part of the body being tested.

4 Active Trigger Point

4.1 Hyperirritable spots or zones that actively produce pain and may cause autonomic responses.

5 Acute

5.1 Short duration, not chronic, rapid onset, severe.

5.2 Of recent onset (hours or days).

6 Adduction

6.1 Movement toward the midline. For fingers, it is movement toward the midline of the middle digit. For the thumb, it is movement perpendicular to, and toward, the plane of the palm. For the hand, it is ulnar deviation at the wrist. For the arm, at the shoulder, it is movement of the elbow to the flank in the frontal plane from the abducted position of the arm. For the scapula, it is rotation to make the glenoid fossa face downward, as the scapula glides across the chest wall toward the midline.

7 Adhesion

7.1 A tissue structure holding parts together that are normally separated.

8 Adipose

8.1 Pertaining to fat.

9 Agonist

9.1 Muscles, or portions of muscles, - so attached anatomically that when they contract, they develop forces that reinforce each other. Muscle or muscle group primarily responsible for performing some movement (prime mover).

10 Anabolism

10.1 The constructive phase of metabolism.

11 Analgesia

11.1 Loss of sensitivity to pain

12 Anesthesia

12.1 Partial or complete loss offeeling, with or without loss of conscIousness.

13 Ankylosis

13.1 Fixation of a joint.

14 Anoxia

14.1 Without oxygen

15 Antagonist

15.1 Muscle or muscle group that opposes the movement of the agonist and produces the opposite movement. Muscles, or portions of muscles, so attached anatomically that when they contract, they develop forces that op- pose each other.

16 Antalgic

16.1 A posture or gait that avoids pain

17 Anterior or ventral (motor) root

17.1 Contains motor neuron axons only and conducts impulses from the spinal cord to the periphery.

18 Aponeurosis

18.1 A flat fibrous sheet of connective tissue that attaches muscles to bone

19 Approximate

19.1 To bring close together.

20 Apraxia

20.1 Loss of ability to perform purposeful movement in the abser paralysis.

21 Arachnoid

21.1 Resembling a web. they . A thin, pliable layer of tissue that lines a tube or cavity, covers an organ or structure,or separates 1 part from another.

22 Associated Myofascial Trigger Point

22.1 A focus of hyperirritability in a muscle or its fascia that develops in response to compensatory overload, shortened range, or referred phenomena caused by trigger point activity in another muscle. Satellite and secondary trigger points are types of associated myofascial trigger points.

23 Asthenia

23.1 Loss of strength or energy.

24 Ataxia

24.1 Loss of motor coordination.

25 Athetosis

25.1 Snakelike movements.

26 Atonia

26.1 Lack of tension or tone, flaccid

27 Atrophy

27.1 Decrease in size of an organ or tissue

28 Auscultation

28.1 Listening for sounds made by various body structures

29 Axon

29.1 Longer process that conducts impulses away from the cell body. Axons vary in length from only a millimeter long to up to a meter or more (for those that extend from the CNS to the foot). The origin of the axon near the cell body is an expanded region called the axon hillock; it is here that nerve impulses originate. Side branches called axon collaterals may extend from the axon.

30 Axonal transport

30.1 Employs rnicrotubules and is more rapid and more selective, may occur in a reverse (retrograde) direction as well as in a forward (orthograde) direction. Indeed, retrograde transport may be responsible for the movement of herpes virus, rabies virus, and tetanus toxin from the nerve terminals into cell bodies.

31 Axoplasmic flow

31.1 Results from rhythmic waves of contraction that push the cytoplasm from the axon hillock to the nerve endings

32 Ballistics

32.1 A study of motion and trajectory

33 Barrier

33.1 An obstruction that tends to restrict free movement

34 Blanch

34.1 To become pale, white, or lose color

35 Bruxism

35.1 Grinding or gnashing of the teeth when not masticating or swallowing

36 CAT SCAN

36.1 Computerized (axial) tomography scan

37 Capsulitis

37.1 Inflammation of a capsule

38 Case severity

38.1 A measure of intensity or gravity of a given condition or diagnosis for a patient

39 Catabolism

39.1 Destructive phase of metabolism

40 Causalgia

40.1 Burning pain

41 Cell body (Neuron)

41.1 Perikaryon (peri= around; karyon = nucleus), is the enlarged portion of the neuron that contains the nucleus.1t is the "nutritional center" of the neuron where macromolecules are produced. Also contains densely staining areas of rough endoplasmic reticulum known as. Nissl bodies that are not found in the dendrites or axon.

42 Central nervous system (CNS)

42.1 Brain and spinal cord

43 Centric Occlusion

43.1 The position of jaw closure with full tooth contact (maximum interception). It is defined more formally as: the centered contact position of the occlusal surfaces of the mandibular teeth against the occlusal surfaces of the maxillary teeth.

44 Centric Relation

44.1 The most detruded position of the mandible from which it can make lateral excursions

45 Choroid Plexuses

45.1 A vascular structure composed of capillaries and ependymal cells (neuroglial cells which line the ventricles) at the roof of each ventricle. These plexuses filter Cerebrospinal fluid composed of proteins, glucose, urea, lymphocytes, and salts through exchange between the bloodstream and ventricles.

46 Chronic disease

46.1 1. A disease which has one or more of the following characteristics: is permanent, leaves residual disability; is caused by nonreversible pathological alternation, requires special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. 2. Long duration, normally more than six months. 3. Long-standing (weeks, months or years), but, NOT necessarily incurable. Symptoms maybe mild or severe.

47 Claudication

47.1 Lameness resulting from inadequate circulation

48 Clonus

48.1 Uncontrolled spasmodic muscle jerking

49 Cocontraction

49.1 Mutual contraction of antagonistic muscles for the purpose of stabilizing a body part

50 Collagen

50.1 A fibrous protein found in connective tissue

51 Compensatory

51.1 Making up or compensating for a defect, deficiency, or loss

52 Composite Pain Pattern

52.1 Total referred, pain pattern of two or more closely adjacent muscles. No distinction is made among the pain patterns of the individual muscles.

53 Concentric contraction

53.1 A muscle shortens during contraction

54 Contractility

54.1 Having the ability to contract or shorten in response to stimulus

55 Contraction

55.1 Increased tension caused by physiologic shortening of a muscle

56 Contracture

56.1 A pathologic shortening of a muscle due to spasm or fibrosis that increases resistance to active or passive stretch

56.2 Sustained intrinsic activation of the contractile mechanism of the muscle fibers. With contracture, muscle shortening occurs in the absence of motor unit action potentials. This physiological definition, as used in this manual, must be differentiated from the clinical definition, which is shortening due to fibrosis. Contracture also must be distinguished from spasm.

57 Convergence

57.1 The moving of two or more forces toward the same point

58 Conversion

58.1 Changing emotions such as hysteria into physical manifestations

59 Counterirritation

59.1 Superficial irritation that relieves another irritation or deep pain

60 Cramp

60.1 Strong and painful spasm

61 Creep

61.1 A slow permanent deformation of viscoelastic materials when placed under a constant load for long periods of time

62 Crepitus

62.1 The sound of bone rubbing against bone

63 Cryotherapy

63.1 Therapeutic application of cold

64 Cyanosis

64.1 Bluish or gray discoloration of skin because of reduced hemoglobin in blood

65 Cyst

65.1 A closed sac or pouch containing fluid, semisolid, or solid material

66 Dendrites (dendron = tree branch)

66.1 Thin, branched processes that extend from the cytoplasm of the cell body. Dendrites provide a receptive area that transmits electrical impulses to the cell body

67 Diaphoresis

67.1 Profuse sweating

68 Disease

68.1 1. May be defined as a failure of the adaptive mechanisms of an organism to counteract adequately, normally, or appropriately to stimuli and stresses to which it is subjected, resulting in a disturbance in the function or structure of some part of the organism. This definition emphasizes that disease is multifactorial and may be prevented or treated by changing any or a combination of the factors. 2. A morbid or pathologic condition that deviates from normal function where agent, signs, and symptoms are identifiable.

69 Distract

69.1 To separate

70 Divergence

70.1 The moving of two or more forces away from a common center

71 Dorsal Ramus

71.1 Innervates the deep muscles and skin of the dorsal surface of the back and Dermatomes

72 Dura Mater

72.1 Tough mother. A fibrous connective tissue membrane, the outermost of the meninges covering the spinal cord (dura mater spinalis ) and brain (dura mater cerebri or dura mater encephali )

73 Dysesthesia

73.1 Unpleasant sensations produced by ordinary stimulus

74 Eccentric Contraction

74.1 A muscle lengthens during contraction

75 Embryology

75.1 1.) A branch of biology dealing with embryos and their development. 2.) The features and phenomena exhibited in the formation and development of an embryo.

76 EMG

76.1 1.) Acronym for electromyogram, the graphic record contraction that results from electrical stimulation. of muscle. 2.) Electromyographic.

77 Encephalitis

77.1 Inflammation of the brain

78 Endogenous

78.1 Produced or developed from within the organism

79 Entrapment Syndrome

79.1 Entrapment of a nerve by hard or soft tissue

80 Epineurium

80.1 The connective tissue sheath of a nerve

81 Essential Pain Zone (Area)

81.1 The region of referred pain (indicated by solid red areas in pain pattern figures) that is constantly present in nearly every patient when the trigger point is active. To be distinguished from a Spillover referred pain zone.

82 Etiology

82.1 Scientific study involving the causes of disease

83 Exacerbation

83.1 Aggravating symptoms or increasing the severity of a disease

84 Exostosis

84.1 Bony growth arising from the surface of bone

85 Extensibility

85.1 The ability to lengthen

86 Exteroceptor

86.1 A sense organ receiving stimuli from outside the body

87 Extracellular

87.1 Outside the cell. Fluids escaping from vessels into surrounding tissue

88 Fascia

88.1 A fibrous connective tissue membrane covering, supporting, and separating a muscle

89 Fasciculation

89.1 Spontaneous contraction or twitch of a group of muscle fibers

90 Fascitis

90.1 Inflammation of any fascia

91 Fibrinolytic

91.1 Dissolution or splitting up of fibrin

92 Fibroblast

92.1

93 Fibroma

93.1

94 Fibroplasia

94.1 Development of fibrous tissue during wound healing

95 Fibrosis

95.1

96 Fibrositis

96.1 A term with multiple meanings. Some authors use it to identify myofascial trigger points. Other authors use the term very differently (see Chapter 2). We avoid using the term because of its ambiguity.

97 FIRST

97.1 Acronym for mechanism of injury Force, Intensity, Regions, Severity, and Time

98 Flail joint

98.1 Excessive mobility of a joint, usually because of paralysis

99 Flat Palpation

99.1 Examination by finger pressure that proceeds across the muscle fibers at a right angle to their length, while compressing them against a firm underlying structure, such as bone. It is used to detect taut bands and trigger point, to be distinguished from pincer and snapping palpation.

100 Force

100.1 That which changes or tends to change a body's motion or shape

101 Gamma motor neuron

101.1 An efferent nerve cell that innervates the ends of Intrafusal muscle fibers

102 Ganglia Coccygeal

102.1

103 Ganglia Lumbar

103.1 four or more ganglia on the medial border of the psoas major muscle on either side; they form, with the sacral and coccygeal ganglia and their interganglionic branches, the abdominopelvic part of the sympathetic trunk. Syn: ganglia lumbalia TA

104 Ganglia Sacral

104.1 three or four ganglia on either side constituting, with the ganglion impar and the interganglionic branches, the pelvic part of the sympathetic trunk. Syn: ganglia sacralia TA

105 Ganglion

105.1 Benign cystic tumors developing on a tendon or aponeurosis

105.2 grouping of neuron cell bodies located outside the CNS

105.3 gangliaganglions Pronunciation: (gang'gle-on, -gle-a, -gle-onz) 1. Originally, any group of nerve cell bodies in the central or peripheral nervous system; currently, an aggregation of nerve cell bodies located in the peripheral nervous system.nerve ganglionneuroganglion

105.4 2. A cyst containing mucopolysaccharide-rich fluid within fibrous tissue or, occasionally, muscle bone or a semilunar cartilage; usually attached to a tendon sheath in the hand, wrist, or foot, or connected with the underlying joint.synovial cystmyxoid cystperitendinitis serosa Etymology: G. a swelling or knot

105.5

106 Ganglion Sympathetic

106.1 those ganglia of the autonomic nervous system that receive efferent fibers originating from preganglionic visceral motor neurons in the intermediolateral cell column of thoracic and upper lumbar spinal segments (T1-L2). On the basis of their location, the sympathetic ganglia can be classified as paravertebral ganglia (ganglia trunci sympathici) and prevertebral ganglia (ganglia celiaca)

107 Glial cells

107.1 Supporting cells aid the functions of neurons and are about five times more abundant than neurons. In the CNS, supporting cells are collectively called neuroglia, or simply glial cells (glia = glue). Unlike neurons, glial cells retain limited mitotic abilities (brain tumors that occur in adults are usually composed of glial cells rather than neurons).

108 GTO

108.1 Acronym for Golgi tendon organs

109 Guarding

109.1 Involuntary muscle contractions that limit range of motion to avoid pain

110 HEMME

110.1 Acronym for History , Evaluation, Modalities, Manipulation, and Exercise

111 Horizontal Extension

111.1 Movement of the arm backward toward the back of the chest, starting at 90° of abduction at the shoulder

112 Horizontal Flexion

112.1 Movement of the arm toward the front of the chest, starting at 900 of abduction at the shoulder

113 Hypalgesia

113.1 Decreased sensitivity to pain, opposite of hyperalgesia

114 Hyper-

114.1 Prefix meaning more than, excessive, above

115 Hyperalgesia

115.1 Increased sensitivity to pain, opposite of hypalgesia

116 Hyperemia

116.1 Increased quantity of blood in a body part shown by redness of skin

117 Hyperesthesia

117.1 Increased sensitivity to pain; hyperalgesia

118 Hyperirritable

118.1 Increased response to stimulus

119 START

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141 Intermuscular Septa

141.1 A wall or partition between muscles

141.2 A term applied to aponeurotic sheets separating various muscles of the limbs; these are anterior and posterior crural, lateral and medial femoral, lateral and medial humeral.