Copyright Feb 2003 Ted Nissen.BEGIN1 END1
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
1 ABDUCTOR DIGITI MINIMI (FOOT)
2 ABDUCTOR DIGITI MINIMI (HAND)
4 ABDUCTOR POLLICIS BREVIS B4E4
5 ABDUCTOR POLLICIS LONGUS B5E5
13 BICEPS FEMORIS (Lateral
Hamstring) B13E13
17 BULBOCAVERNOSUS
(BULBOSPONGIOSUS) B17E17.
19 COCCYGEUS (ISCHIOCOCCYGEUS)
B19E19
21 CORRUGATOR SUPERCILII B21E21
22 CRICOARYTENOID LATERAL &
POSTERIOR B22E22
32 DIGASTRIC ANT & POST BELLY
(SUPRAHYOID)
36 EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS BREVIS
37 EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS LONGUS
48 EXTERNAL ABDOMINAL OBLIQUE=ANT
DIV
49 EXTERNAL ABDOMINAL OBLIQUE=LAT
DIV
52 EXTRINSIC AURICULAR MUSCLES
55 FLEXOR DIGITI MINIMI BREVIS
(FOOT)
56 FLEXOR DIGITI MINIMI BREVIS
(HAND)
60 FLEXOR DIGITORUM SUPERFICIALIS
67 GEMELLUS INFERIOR (1 of 6
Deep Lateral Rotators of Femur)
68 GEMELLUS SUPERIOR (1 of 6
Deep Lateral Rotators of Femur)
82 INFERIOR LONGITUDINAL LINGUALIS
84 INFERIOR PHARYNGEAL CONSTRICTOR
86 INFRASPINATUS (Rotator Cuff
Muscle)
87 INTERNAL ABDOMINAL OBLIQUE (Anterior
Division)
88 INTERNAL ABDOMINAL OBLIQUE
(Lateral Division)
92 INTRINSIC AURICULAR MUSCLES
98 LEVATOR ANGULI ORIS(CANINUS)
99 LEVATOR ANI, ILIAC
PART(ILIOCOCCYGEUS)
100 LEVATOR ANI, PUBIC
PART(PUBOCOCCYGEUS)
102 LEVATOR LABII SUPERIORIS ALAEQUE
NASI
103 LEVATOR PALPEBRAE SUPERIORIS
120 MIDDLE PHARYNGEAL CONSTRICTOR
125 NASALIS (COMPRESSOR & DILATOR
NARIS)
126 OBLIQUE ARYTENOID &
ARYEPIGLOTTICUS
129 OBTURATOR EXTERNUS (1 of 6
Deep Lateral Rotators of Femur)
130 OBTURATOR INTERNUS (1 of 6
Deep Lateral Rotators of Femur)
132 OMOHYOID SUPERIOR & INFERIOR
(INFRAHYOID)
137 PALATOGLOSSUS (Palatoglossal
arch; Anterior pillar)
138 PALATOPHARYNGEUS
(Palatopharyngeal arch; Posterior pillar)
143 PECTORALIS MAJOR CLAVICULAR
149 PIRIFORMIS (1 of 6 Deep
Lateral Rotators of Femur)
161 QUADRATUS FEMORIS (1 of 6 Deep
Lateral Rotators of the Femur)
164 RECTUS ABDOMINIS (4 Divisions as
1)
167 RECTUS CAPITIS POSTERIOR MAJOR
168 RECTUS CAPITIS POSTERIOR MINOR
169 RECTUS FEMORIS (Quadriceps
Femoris) (1 of 4 Quadriceps)
180 SEMIMEMBRANOSUS (Medial
Hamstring)
184 SEMITENDINOSUS (Medial
Hamstring)
186 SERRATUS POSTERIOR INFERIOR
187 SERRATUS POSTERIOR SUPERIOR
200 STERNOTHYROID (INFRAHYOID)
205 SUBSCAPULARIS (Rotator Cuff
Muscle)
206 SUPERFICIAL TRANSVERSE PERINEUS
(SUPERFICIALIS)
207 SUPERIOR LONGITUDINAL LINGUALIS
209 SUPERIOR PHARYNGEAL CONSTRICTOR
212 SUPRASPINATUS (Rotator Cuff
Muscle)
218 TERES MINOR (Rotator Cuff Muscle)
219 THYROARYTENOID VOCALIS &
THYROEPIGLOTTICUS
225 TRANSVERSE LINGUALIS (BODY OF
TONGUE)
226 TRANSVERSE PERINEUS (PROFUNDUS)
227 TRAPEZIUS LOWER (Lower Division)
232 VASTUS INTERMEDIUS (QUADRICEPS
FEMORIS) (1 of 4 Quadriceps)
233 VASTUS LATERALIS (Quadriceps
Femoris) (1 of 4 Quadriceps)
234 VASTUS MEDIALIS (Quadriceps
Femoris) (1 of 4 Quadriceps)
235 VERTICAL LINGUALIS (BODY OF
TONGUE)
1
ABDUCTOR DIGITI MINIMI (FOOT)
Back Table of Contents References
1.1 Word Derivation Pronounce
Pronounce
1.1.1 Abductor=Moves
part away from midline
1.1.2 Digit=Finger or
toe
1.1.3 Minimi= Little
finger or toe
1.2 Attachments Illus. (DSL)
1.2.1 Origin
1.2.1.1
Medial and lateral processes of the tuberosity of calcaneus
1.2.2 Insertion
1.2.2.1
Lateral side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the
fifth toe
1.3 Action Illus. (DSL)
1.3.1 Abducts
the fifth toe away from the fourth toe
1.4 Nerve Supply
1.4.1 Nerve
1.4.1.1
Lateral plantar nerve
1.4.2 Roots
1.4.2.1
S2
1.4.2.2
S3
1.5 Synergists
1.5.1 None
1.1 Muscle Tests
1.1.1 Abductor Digiti Minimi
(Foot)
1.2 Trigger Points
1.2.1 ABDUCTOR
DIGITI MINIMI (FOOT)
1.3 Organ Reflexes
1.3.1 None
1.3.2 Illustrations
1.4 Meridian
1.4.1 None
1.5 Discussion (Gray)
1.5.1 The Abductor digiti quinti (Abductor minimi digiti)
(Fig. 443) Discussion lies along the lateral border
of the foot, and is in relation by its medial margin with the lateral plantar
vessels and nerves. It arises, by a broad origin, from the lateral
process of the tuberosity of the calcaneus, from the under surface of the
calcaneus between the two processes of the tuberosity, from the forepart of the
medial process, from the plantar aponeurosis, and from the intermuscular septum
between it and the Flexor digitorum brevis. Its tendon, after gliding over a
smooth facet on the under surface of the base of the fifth metatarsal bone, is inserted,
with the Flexor digiti quinti brevis, into the fibular side of the base of the
first phalanx of the fifth toe.
1.5.2 Variations —Slips of origin from the tuberosity at the base of the
fifth metatarsal Abductor ossis metatarsi quinti, origin external
tubercle of the calcaneus, insertion into tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal
bone in common with or beneath the outer margin of the plantar fascia
1.5.3 Action-the action of the Abductor digiti quinti is twofold, as an
abductor of this toe from the fourth, and as a flexor of its proximal phalanx.
1.5.4 Non Web Based Links
1.5.4.1 Fig443
(Bitmap)
1.5.4.2 Discussion
1.5.5 Discussion
1.5.5.1
http://www.bartleby.com/107/131.html
1.5.6 Illustration
1.5.6.1 http://www.bartleby.com/107/illus443.html
1.6 Category
1.6.1 Intrinsic
Foot Plantar First Superficial Layer (IFP1)
1.7 View (When
Illustrated Individually)
1.7.1 Plantar View
(First Plantar Layer)
1.7.2 Test
1.7.2.1
Illus. (DSL) Illus. (Dial-Up)
2 ABDUCTOR DIGITI
MINIMI (HAND)
Back Table of Contents References
2.1 Word Derivation Pronounce
2.1.1 Abductor=Moves
part away from midline
2.1.2 Digit=Finger or
toe
2.1.3 Minimi= Little
finger or toe
2.2 Attachments Illus. (DSL)
2.2.1 Origin
2.2.1.1
Pisiform bone
2.2.1.2
Tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris
2.2.2 Insertion
2.2.2.1
Two slips
2.2.2.1.1
Ulnar
side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the little finger
2.2.2.1.2
Ulnar
border of the extensor expansion of the finger
2.3 Action Illus. (DSL)
2.3.1 Abducts the little
finger
2.3.2 Assists in flexing
its proximal phalanx at the Metacarpophalangeal joint
2.4 Nerve Supply
2.4.1 Nerve
2.4.1.1
Ulnar (Deep Branch)
2.4.2 Roots
2.4.2.1
C8
2.4.2.2
T1
2.5 Synergists
2.5.1 Flexor digiti
minimi brevis
2.5.2 Opponens digiti
minimi
2.6 Muscle Tests
2.6.1 ABDUCTOR
DIGITI MINIMI (HAND)
2.7 Trigger Points
2.7.1 ABDUCTOR
DIGITI MINIMI (HAND)
2.8 Organ Reflexes
2.8.1 None
2.8.2 Illustrations
2.9 Meridian
2.9.1 None
2.10 Discussion (Gray)
2.10.1
The Abductor digiti
quinti
(Abductor minimi digiti) (Fig. 427) is situated on the ulnar
border of the palm of the hand. It arises from the pisiform bone and
from the tendon of the Flexor carpi ulnaris, and ends in a flat tendon, which
divides into two slips; one is inserted into the ulnar side of the base
of the first phalanx of the little finger; the other into the ulnar border of
the aponeurosis of the Extensor digiti quinti proprius.
2.10.2
Variations
2.10.2.1
The Abductor digiti quinti may be divided into two or three
slips or united with the Flexor digiti quinti brevis.
2.10.3
Actions —The Abductor
digiti quinti abducts the little finger from the ring finger and assist in
flexing the proximal phalanx.
2.10.4
Nerves-C8 Ulnar
2.11 Category
2.11.1
Intrinsic Hand Hypothenar (IHH)
2.12 View (When
Illustrated Individually)
2.12.1
Anterior
2.12.1.1Illus. (DSL)
3 ABDUCTOR HALLUCIS
Back Table of Contents References
3.1 Word Derivation
3.1.1 Abductor=Moves
part away from midline
3.1.2 Hallucis= Hallux
or Great toe
3.2 Attachments Illus. (DSL)
3.2.1 Origin
3.2.1.1
Medial process of tuberosity of the calcaneus
3.2.1.2
Flexor retinaculum
3.2.1.3
Plantar aponeurosis
3.2.1.4
Intermuscular septum
3.3
Insertion
3.3.1.1
Medial tendon of the flexor hallucis
brevis
3.3.1.2
Medial side of the base of the
proximal phalanx of the big toe
3.4 Action Illus. (DSL)
3.4.1 Abducts
the big toe from the mid line of the foot phalangeal
3.5 Nerve Supply
3.5.1 Nerve
3.5.1.1
Medial plantar
3.5.2 Roots
3.5.2.1
L4
3.5.2.2
L5
3.5.2.3
S1
3.5.2.4
S2
3.5.2.5
S3
3.6 Synergists
3.6.1 None
3.7 Muscle Tests
3.7.1 ABDUCTOR HALLUCIS
3.8 Trigger Points
3.8.1 ABDUCTOR
HALLUCIS
3.9 Organ Reflexes
3.9.1 None
3.9.2 Illustrations
3.10 Meridian
3.10.1
None
3.11 Discussion (Gray)
3.11.1
The Abductor hallucis (Fig. 443) lies along the medial border
of the foot and covers the origins of the plantar vessels and nerves. It arises
from the medial process of the tuberosity of the calcaneus, from the laciniate
ligament, from the plantar aponeurosis, and from the intermuscular septum
between it and the Flexor digitorum brevis. The fibers end in a tendon, which
is inserted, together with the medial tendon of the Flexor hallucis
brevis, into the tibial side of the base of the first phalanx of the great toe.
3.11.2
Variations —Slip to the base
of the first phalanx of the second toe.
3.11.3
Action- The Abductor
hallucis abducts the great toe from the second, and also flexes its proximal
phalanx.
3.11.4
Discussion
3.11.4.1http://www.bartleby.com/107/131.html
3.11.5
Illustration
3.11.5.1http://www.bartleby.com/107/illus443.html
3.12 Category
3.12.1
Intrinsic Foot Plantar First Superficial Layer (IFP1)
3.13 View (When
Illustrated Individually)
3.13.1
Plantar View (First Plantar Layer)
3.13.1.1Illus. (DSL)
4 ABDUCTOR POLLICIS
BREVIS B4E4
Back Table of Contents References
4.1 Word Derivation
4.1.1 Abductor=Moves part
away from midline
4.1.2 Pollex= Thumb
4.1.3 Brevis=Short
4.2 Attachments Illus. (DSL)
4.3
Origin
4.3.1.1
Flexor retinaculum
4.3.1.2
Tubercles of the scaphoid and trapezium
4.4
Insertion
4.4.1.1
Radial side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb
4.5 Action Illus. (DSL)
4.5.1 Abduction of the
proximal phalanx and the metacarpal of the thumb
4.5.2 Medial rotation of
the proximal phalanx and the metacarpal of the thumb
4.6 Nerve Supply
4.6.1 Nerve
4.6.1.1
Median
4.6.2 Roots
4.6.2.1
C8
4.6.2.2
T1
4.7 Synergists
4.7.1 Abductor pollicis
longus
4.7.2 Extensor pollicis
brevis
4.8 Muscle Tests
4.8.1 ABDUCTOR
POLLICIS BREVIS
4.9 Trigger Points
4.9.1 ABDUCTOR
POLLICIS BREVIS
4.10 Organ Reflexes
4.10.1
None
4.10.2
Illustrations
4.11 Meridian
4.11.1
None
4.12 Discussion (Gray)
4.12.1
The Abductor pollicis
brevis
(Abductor pollicis) (Fig. 426) (Fig. 427) is a thin, flat muscle, placed
immediately beneath the integument. It arises from the transverse carpal
ligament, the tuberosity of the navicular, and the ridge of the greater
multiangular, frequently by two distinct slips. Running lateralward and
downward, it is inserted by a thin, flat tendon into the radial side of
the base of the first phalanx of the thumb and the capsule of the
metacarpophalangeal articulation.
4.12.2
Variations —The Abductor
pollicis brevis is often divided into an outer and an inner part; accessory
slips from the tendon of the Abductor pollicis longus or Palmaris longus, more
rarely from the Extensor carpi radialis longus, from the styloid process or
Opponens pollicis or from the skin over the thenar eminence.
4.12.3
Actions —The Abductor
pollicis brevis draws the thumb forward in a plane at right angles to that of
the palm of the hand.
4.13 Category
4.13.1
Intrinsic Hand Thenar (ITT)
4.14 View (When
Illustrated Individually)
4.14.1
Anterior View
4.14.1.1Illus. (DSL)
5 ABDUCTOR POLLICIS
LONGUS B5E5
Back Table of Contents References
5.1 Word Derivation
5.1.1 Abductor=Moves
part away from midline
5.1.2 Pollex= Thumb
5.1.3 Longus=Long
5.2 Attachments Illus. 1 (DSL) Illus. 2 (DSL)
5.3
Origin
5.3.1.1
Posterior surface of middle one third of body of radius
5.3.1.2
Posterior lateral surface of the ulna distal to the origin
of the Supinator
5.3.1.3
Interosseous membrane
5.4
Insertion
5.4.1.1
Base of first metacarpal bone, radial side
5.5 Action Illus. (DSL)
5.5.1 Abducts the
carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
5.5.2 Assists in
extension of the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
5.6 Nerve Supply
5.6.1 Nerve
5.6.1.1
Posterior interosseous nerve (deep radial nerve)
5.6.2 Roots
5.6.2.1
C7
5.6.2.2
C8
5.7 Synergists
5.7.1 Abductor pollicis
brevis
5.7.2 Extensor pollicis
brevis
5.8 Muscle Tests
5.8.1 ABDUCTOR
POLLICIS LONGUS
5.9 Trigger Points
5.9.1 ABDUCTOR
POLLICIS LONGUS
5.10 Organ Reflexes
5.10.1
None
5.10.2
Illustrations
5.11 Meridian
5.11.1
None
5.12 Discussion (Gray)
5.12.1
The Abductor pollicis
longus
(Extensor oss. metacarpi pollicis) (Fig. 419) lies immediately below the
Supinator and is sometimes united with it. It arises from the lateral
part of the dorsal surface of the body of the ulna below the insertion of the
Anconeus, from the interosseous membrane, and from the middle third of the
dorsal surface of the body of the radius. Passing obliquely downward and
lateralward, it ends in a tendon, which runs through a groove on the lateral
side of the lower end of the radius, accompanied by the tendon of the Extensor
pollicis brevis, and is inserted into the radial side of the base of the
first metacarpal bone. It occasionally gives off two slips near its insertion:
one to the greater multiangular bone and the other to blend with the origin of
the Abductor pollicis brevis.
5.12.2
Variations —More or less
doubling of muscle and tendon with insertion of the extra tendon into the first
metacarpal, the greater multiangular, or into the Abductor pollicis brevis or
Opponens pollicis
5.12.3
Action- The chief action
of the Abductor pollicis longus is to carry the thumb laterally from the palm
of the hand. By its continued action, it helps to extend and abduct the wrist.
5.13 Category
5.13.1
Wrist, Hand, and Fingers Posterior Extensors Deep (WHFPED)
5.14 View (When
Illustrated Individually)
5.14.1
Posterior
5.14.1.1Illus. (DSL)
6 ADDUCTOR BREVIS B6E6
Back Table of Contents References
6.1 Word Derivation
6.1.1 Adductor=Moves
part towards the midline
6.1.2 Brevis=Short
6.2 Attachments Illus. 1 (DSL) Illus. 2 (DSL)
6.3
Origin
6.3.1.1
Outer surface of body and inferior ramus of pubis
6.4
Insertion
6.4.1.1
On a line extending from lesser trochanter to upper part of
linea aspera
6.5 Action Illus. (DSL)
6.5.1 Hip adduction
6.5.2 Hip flexion
6.5.3 Hip medial
rotation
6.6 Nerve Supply
6.6.1 Nerve
6.6.1.1
Obturator
6.6.2 Roots
6.6.2.1
L2
6.6.2.2
L3
6.6.2.3
L4
6.7 Synergists
6.7.1 Adductor magnus
6.7.2 Adductor longus
6.7.3 Gracilis
6.7.4 Pectineus
6.8 Muscle Tests
6.8.1 ADDUCTOR
BREVIS
6.9 Trigger Points
6.9.1 ADDUCTOR
BREVIS
6.10 Organ Reflexes
6.10.1
CLIMACTERIC
6.10.2
Illustrations
6.11 Meridian
6.11.1
Pericardium
6.12 Discussion (Gray)
6.12.1
The Adductor brevis (Fig. 433) is situated immediately behind
the two preceding muscles. It is triangular in form, and arises by a narrow
origin from the outer surfaces of the superior and inferior rami of the pubis,
between the Gracilis and Obturator externus. Its fibers, passing backward,
lateralward, and downward, are inserted, by an aponeurosis, into the
line leading from the lesser trochanter to the linea aspera and into the upper
part of the linea aspera, immediately behind the Pectineus and upper part of
the Adductor longus
6.12.2
Variations- the Adductor brevis may be divided into
two or three parts, or it may be united to the Adductor magnus.
6.12.3
Action- the Pectineus and three Adductores adduct the thigh
powerfully; they are especially used in horse exercise, the sides of the saddle
being grasped between the knees by the contraction of these muscles. In
consequence of the obliquity of their insertions into the linea aspera, they
rotate the thigh outward, assisting the external Rotators, and when the limb
has been abducted, they draw it medialward, carrying the thigh across that of
the opposite side. The Pectineus and Adductores brevis and longus assist the
Psoas major and Iliacus in flexing the thigh upon the pelvis. In progression,
all these muscles assist in drawing forward the lower limb.
6.13 Category
6.13.1
Thigh Adductor Compartment (TAD)
6.14 View (When Illustrated
Individually)
6.14.1
Anterior
6.14.1.1Illus. (DSL)
7 ADDUCTOR HALLUCIS B7E7
Back Table of Contents References
7.1 Word Derivation
7.1.1 Adductor=Moves
part towards the midline
7.1.2 Hallucis= Hallux
or Great toe
7.2 Attachments Illus. (DSL)
7.2.1 Origin
7.2.1.1
Oblique head
7.2.1.1.1
Bases
of the 2nd, 3rd and
4th metatarsals
7.2.1.1.2
Sheath
of tendon of Peroneus Longus
7.2.1.2
Transverse head
7.2.1.2.1
Plantar
Metatarsophalangeal ligaments of the 3rd, 4th and 5th toes
7.2.1.2.2
Deep
transverse metatarsal ligaments
7.2.2 Insertion
7.2.2.1
Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of big toe
7.3 Action Illus. (DSL)
7.3.1 Adduction
(big toe towards the 2nd toe)
7.3.2 Flexion
(big toe towards plantar surface)
7.4 Joints
7.4.1 Metatarsophalangeal
joint of big toe
7.5 Nerve Supply
7.5.1 Nerve
7.5.1.1
Lateral plantar nerve
7.5.2 Roots
7.5.2.1
S2
7.5.2.2
S3
7.6 Synergists
7.6.1
7.7 Muscle Tests
7.7.1 ADDUCTOR
HALLUCIS
7.8 Trigger Points
7.8.1 ADDUCTOR
HALLUCIS
7.9 Organ Reflexes
7.9.1 None
7.9.2 Illustrations
7.10 Meridian
7.10.1
None
7.11 Discussion (Grays)
7.11.1
The Adductor hallucis (Adductor obliquus
hallucis) (Fig. 445) arises
by two heads—oblique and transverse. The oblique
head
is a large, thick, fleshy mass, crossing the foot obliquely and occupying the
hollow space under the first second, third, and fourth metatarsal bones. It arises
from the bases of the second, third, and fourth metatarsal bones, and from the
sheath of the tendon of the Peroneus longus, and is inserted, together
with the lateral portion of the Flexor hallucis brevis, into the lateral side
of the base of the first phalanx of the great toe. The transverse head (Transversus pedis) is a narrow, flat fasciculus
which arises from the plantar metatarsophalangeal ligaments of the
third, fourth, and fifth toes (sometimes only from the third and fourth), and
from the transverse ligament of the metatarsus. It is inserted into the
lateral side of the base of the first phalanx of the great toe, its fibers
blending with the tendon of insertion of the oblique head.
7.11.2
Variations
7.11.2.1
Slips to the base of the first phalanx of the second toe Opponens
hallucis, occasional slips from the adductor to the metatarsal bone of the
great toe
7.11.2.2
The Abductor, Flexor brevis, and Adductor of the great toe,
like the similar muscles of the thumb, give off, at their insertions, fibrous
expansions to blend with the tendons of the Extensor digitorum longus.
7.11.3
Action- the Abductor hallucis abducts the great toe from the
second, and flexes its proximal phalanx.
7.11.4
Discussion
7.11.4.1http://www.bartleby.com/107/131.html
7.11.5
Illustration
7.11.5.1http://www.bartleby.com/107/illus445.html
7.12 Category
7.12.1
Intrinsic Foot Plantar Third Layer (IFP3)
7.13 View (When
Illustrated Individually)
7.13.1
Plantar
7.13.1.1.1
Illus. (DSL)
8 ADDUCTOR LONGUS B8E8
Back Table of Contents References
8.1 Word Derivation
8.1.1 Adductor=Moves
part towards the midline
8.1.2 Longus=Long
8.2 Attachments Illus. 1 (DSL) Illus. 2 (DSL)
8.2.1 Origin
8.2.1.1
Anterior pubis in angle between crest and symphysis
8.2.2 Insertion
8.2.2.1
Middle 1/3 of medial lip of linea
aspera
8.3 Joints
8.3.1 Hip
8.4 Action Illus. (DSL)
8.4.1 Adduction
8.4.2 Flexion
8.4.3 Medial
rotation
8.5 Nerve Supply
8.5.1 Nerve
8.5.1.1
Obturator
8.5.2 Roots
8.5.2.1
L2
8.5.2.2
L3
8.5.2.3
L4
8.6 Synergists
8.6.1 Gracilis
8.6.2 Adductor
magnus
8.6.3 Pectineus
8.6.4 Adductor
brevis
8.7 Muscle Tests
8.7.1 ADDUCTOR
LONGUS
8.8 Trigger Points
8.8.1 ADDUCTOR
LONGUS
8.9 Organ Reflexes
8.9.1 CLIMACTERIC
8.9.2 Illustrations
8.10 Meridian
8.10.1
Pericardium
8.11 Discussion (Gray)
8.11.1
The Adductor longus (Fig 432) (Fig. 433), the most superficial
of the three Adductores, is a triangular muscle, lying in the same plane as the
Pectineus. It arises by a flat, narrow tendon, from the front of the
pubis, at the angle of junction of the crest with the symphysis; and soon
expands into a broad fleshy belly. This passes downward, backward, and
lateralward, and is inserted, by an aponeurosis, into the linea aspera,
between the Vastus medialis and the Adductor magnus, with both of which it is
usually blended.
8.11.2
Variations-The Adductor longus may be double, may
extend to the knee, or be more or less united with the Pectineus.
8.11.3
Action-The Pectineus and three Adductores adduct the thigh
powerfully; they are especially used in horse exercise, the sides of the saddle
being grasped between the knees by the contraction of these muscles. In
consequence of the obliquity of their insertions into the linea aspera, they
rotate the thigh outward, assisting the external Rotators, and when the limb
has been abducted, they draw it medialward, carrying the thigh across that of
the opposite side. The Pectineus and Adductores brevis and longus assist the
Psoas major and Iliacus in flexing the thigh upon the pelvis. In progression,
all these muscles assist in drawing forward the lower limb.
8.12 Category
8.12.1
Thigh Adductor Compartment (TAD)
8.13 View (When
Illustrated Individually)
8.13.1
Anterior
8.13.1.1Illus. (DSL)
9 ADDUCTOR MAGNUS B9E9
Back Table of Contents References
9.1 Word Derivation
9.1.1 Adductor=Moves
part towards the midline
9.1.2 Magnus=Large
9.2 Attachments Illus. 1 (DSL) Illus. 2 (DSL)
9.2.1 Origin
9.2.1.1
POSTERIOR FIBERS
9.2.1.1.1
Ischial
tuberosity
9.2.1.2
ANTERIOR FIBERS
9.2.1.2.1
Ramus
of ischium
9.2.1.2.2
Inferior
pubic ramus
9.2.2 Insertion
9.2.2.1
Line extending from the greater
trochanter along the linea aspera
9.2.2.2
Medial supracondylar line
9.2.2.3
Adductor tubercle on medial condyle
of femur
9.3 Joints
9.3.1 Hip
9.4 Action Illus. (DSL)
9.4.1 Adduction
9.4.2 Extension
9.4.2.1
. Note
9.4.2.1.1
Fibers arising from ischium and ramus of ischium primarily
insert distally and aid in hip extension
9.4.3 Flexion
9.4.3.1
Note
9.4.3.1.1 Fibers
arising from ramus of pubis insert proximally and aid in hip flexion.
9.4.4 Medial
rotation
9.5 Nerve Supply
9.5.1 Posterior
fibers
9.5.1.1
Nerve
9.5.1.1.1 Tibial
portion of sciatic
9.5.1.2
Roots
9.5.1.2.1 L4
9.5.1.2.2 L5
9.5.1.2.3 S1
9.5.2 Anterior
fibers
9.5.2.1
Nerve
9.5.2.1.1 Obturator
9.5.2.2
Roots
9.5.2.2.1 L2
9.5.2.2.2 L3
9.5.2.2.3 L4
9.6 Synergists
9.6.1 Adductor
brevis
9.6.2 Adductor
longus
9.6.3 Pectineus
9.6.4 Gracilis
9.7 Muscle Tests
9.7.1 ADDUCTOR
MAGNUS
9.8 Trigger Points
9.8.1 ADDUCTOR
MAGNUS
9.9 Organ Reflexes
9.9.1 CLIMACTERIC
9.9.2 Illustrations
9.10 Meridian
9.10.1
Pericardium
9.11 Discussion (Gray)
9.11.1
The Adductor magnus Fig 432 (Fig. 433) is a large triangular muscle, situated on the
medial side of the thigh. It arises from a small part of the inferior
ramus of the pubis, from the inferior ramus of the ischium, and from the outer
margin of the inferior part of the tuberosity of the ischium. Those fibers
which arise from the ramus of the pubis are short, horizontal in direction, and
are inserted into the rough line leading from the greater trochanter to the
linea aspera, medial to the Glutæus maximus; those from the ramus of the
ischium are directed downward and lateralward with different degrees of
obliquity, to be inserted, by means of a broad aponeurosis, into the
linea aspera and the upper part of its medial prolongation below. The medial
portion of the muscle, composed principally of the fibers arising from the
tuberosity of the ischium, forms a thick fleshy mass consisting of coarse
bundles which descend almost vertically, and end about the lower third of the
thigh in a rounded tendon which is inserted into the adductor tubercle on the
medial condyle of the femur, and is connected by a fibrous expansion to the
line leading upward from the tubercle to the linea aspera. At the insertion
of the muscle, there is a series of osseoaponeurotic openings, formed by
tendinous arches attached to the bone. The upper four openings are small, and
give passage to the perforating branches of the profunda femoris artery. The
lowest is of large size, and transmits the femoral vessels to the popliteal fossa.
9.11.2
Variations-The Adductor magnus may be more or less
segmented; the anterior and superior portion is often described as a separate
muscle, the Adductor minimus. The muscle may be fused with the Quadratus
femoris.
9.11.3
Action-The Pectineus and three Adductores adduct the thigh
powerfully; they are especially used in horse exercise, the sides of the saddle
being grasped between the knees by the contraction of these muscles. In
consequence of the obliquity of their insertions into the linea aspera, they
rotate the thigh outward, assisting the external Rotators, and when the limb
has been abducted, they draw it medialward, carrying the thigh across that of
the opposite side.
9.12 Category
9.12.1
Thigh Adductor Compartment (TAD)
9.13 View (When
Illustrated Individually)
9.13.1
Anterior
9.13.1.1Illus. (DSL)
10 ADDUCTOR POLLICIS B10E10
Back Table of Contents References
10.1 Word Derivation
10.1.1
Adductor=Moves part towards the midline
10.1.2
Pollex= Thumb
10.2 Attachments Illus. (DSL)
10.2.1
Origin
10.2.1.1OBLIQUE HEAD
10.2.1.1.1
Capitate
bone
10.2.1.1.2
Bases
of the 2nd and 3rd metacarpal bones
10.2.1.1.3
Intercarpal
ligaments
10.2.1.1.4
Sheath
of the tendon of the Flexor carpi radialis
10.2.1.2TRANSVERSE HEAD
10.2.1.2.1
Distal
2/3 of the palmar surface of the 3rd metacarpal bone
10.2.2
Insertion
10.2.2.1Two heads
converge to insert on the ulnar side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the
thumb
10.3 Joints
10.3.1
Carpometacarpal (CMJ)
10.3.2
Metacarpophalangeal (MPJ)
10.4 Action Illus. (DSL)
10.4.1
Adduction (1st CMJ)
(Thumb)
10.4.2
Adduction (1st MPJ)
(Thumb)
10.4.3
Flexion (1st MPJ) (Thumb)
10.5 Nerve Supply
10.5.1
Nerve
10.5.1.1
Ulnar (Deep branch)
10.5.2
Roots
10.5.2.1
C8
10.5.2.2
T1
10.6 Synergists
10.6.1
Flexor pollicis brevis
10.6.2
Flexor pollicis longus
10.6.3
Opponens pollicis
10.7 Muscle Tests
10.7.1
ADDUCTOR POLLICIS
10.8 Trigger Points
10.8.1
ADDUCTOR POLLICIS
10.9 Organ Reflexes
10.9.1
None
10.9.2
Illustrations
10.10
Meridian
10.10.1
None
10.11
Discussion (Gray)
10.11.1
The Adductor pollicis (obliquus) (Adductor obliquus pollicis) (Fig. 426) arises by several slips from the capitate
bone, the bases of the second and third metacarpals, the intercarpal ligaments,
and the sheath of the tendon of the Flexor carpi radialis. From this origin the
greater number of fibers pass obliquely downward and converge to a tendon,
which, uniting with the tendons of the medial portion of the Flexor pollicis
brevis and the transverse part of the Adductor, is inserted into the
ulnar side of the base of the first phalanx of the thumb, a sesamoid bone being
present in the tendon. A considerable fasciculus, however, passes more
obliquely beneath the tendon of the Flexor pollicis longus to join the lateral
portion of the Flexor brevis and the Abductor pollicis brevis.
10.11.2
The Adductor pollicis (transversus) (Adductor transversus pollicis) (Fig. 426) Fig 427 is the most deeply seated of this group of muscles.
It is of a triangular form arising by a broad base from the lower two-thirds of
the volar surface of the third metacarpal bone; the fibers converge, to be inserted
with the medial part of the Flexor pollicis brevis and the Adductor pollicis
(obliquus) into the ulnar side of the base of the first phalanx of the thumb
10.11.3
Variations-The two adductors
vary in their relative extent and in the closeness of their connection. The
Adductor obliquus may receive a slip from the transverse metacarpal ligament.
10.11.4
Actions-The Abductor
pollicis brevis draws the thumb forward in a plane at right angles to that of
the palm of the hand. The Adductor pollicis is the opponent of this muscle, and
approximates the thumb to the palm.
10.12
Category
10.12.1
Intrinsic Hand Thenar (IHT)
10.13
View (When Illustrated Individually)
10.13.1
Anterior
10.13.1.1 Illus. (DSL)
11 ANCONEUS B11E11
Back Table of Contents References
11.1 Word Derivation
11.1.1
Anconeal=Pertaining to elbow
11.2 Attachments Illus.1
(DSL) Illus.2
(DSL)
11.2.1
Origin
11.2.1.1Posterior surface of lateral
Epicondyle of humerus
11.2.2
Insertion
11.2.2.1Lateral
side of Olecranon process
11.2.2.2Upper
1/4th of posterior surface of proximal portion of ulna
11.3 Joints
11.3.1
Elbow
11.3.2
Radioulnar (RU)
11.4 Action Illus. (DSL)
11.4.1
Extension (Elbow)
11.4.2
Pronation (RU)
11.5 Nerve Supply
11.5.1
Nerve
11.5.1.1
Radial
11.5.2
Roots
11.5.2.1
C7
11.5.2.2
C8
11.5.2.3
T1
11.6 Synergists
11.6.1
Triceps Brachii
11.7 Muscle Tests
11.7.1
ANCONEUS
11.8 Trigger Points
11.8.1
ANCONEUS
11.9 Organ Reflexes
11.9.1
Pancreas
11.9.2
Illustrations
11.10
Meridian
11.10.1 Spleen/Pancreas
11.11
Discussion (Gray)
11.11.1
The Anconæus (Fig. 418) is a small triangular muscle, which is placed on the back
of the elbow-joint, and appears to be a continuation of the Triceps brachii. It
arises by a separate tendon from the back part of the lateral epicondyle
of the humerus; its fibers diverge and are inserted into the side of the
olecranon, and upper fourth of the dorsal surface of the body of the ulna.
11.11.2
Actions-The Anconæus assists the Triceps in extending the
forearm.
11.12
Category
11.12.1
Forearm Extensors (FAE)
11.13
View (When Illustrated Individually)
11.13.1
Posterior
11.13.1.1 Illus. (DSL)
12 BICEPS BRACHII B12E12
Back Table of Contents References
12.1 Word Derivation
and Pronunciation
12.2
Pronunciation
12.2.1.1BICEPS BRA·CHII- 'bI-"seps 'brA-kE-"I, -kE-"E 
12.2.1.2Pronunciation Key
12.2.1
Etymology
12.2.1.1Biceps=Two heads of origin
12.2.1.1.1
New
Latin bicipit-, biceps, from Latin, two-headed, from bi- + capit-,
caput head
12.2.1.2Brachion=Upper Arm
12.1 Attachments Illus. 1 Illus. 2
12.1.1
Origin
12.1.1.1Long head
12.1.1.1.1
Supraglenoid
tubercle of the scapula
12.1.1.2Short head
12.1.1.2.1
Apex
of coracoid process of the scapula
12.1.2
Insertion
12.1.2.1Radial
tuberosity
12.1.2.2Bicipital
aponeurosis (lacertus fibrosus) (Continuous with the
deep fascia covering the origins of the Flexor muscles)
12.2 Joints
12.2.1
Glenohumeral (GH)
12.2.2
Elbow
12.2.3
Radioulnar (RU)
12.3 Action Video
12.3.1
Flexion (Elbow)
12.3.2
Supination (RU)
12.3.3
Flexion (GH)
12.3.4
Reversed origin-insertion action
12.3.4.1
Both heads of the biceps brachii are active during flexion
of the arm at the shoulder joint, with the long head being more active.
12.4 Nerve Supply
12.4.1
Nerve
12.4.1.1
Musculocutaneous
12.4.1.1.1
Separate branches to each head
12.4.2
Roots
12.4.2.1
C5
12.4.2.2
C6
12.5 Synergists
12.5.1
Brachialis
12.5.2
Brachioradialis
12.5.3
Supinator
12.1 Muscle Tests
12.1.1
BICEPS BRACHII
12.2 Trigger Points
12.2.1
BICEPS BRACHII
12.3 Organ Reflexes
12.3.1
Stomach
12.3.2
Illustrations
12.4 Acupressure/Acupuncture
Theory
12.4.1
Organs
12.4.1.1Spleen/Stomach
12.4.2
Channels Discussion
12.4.2.1Spleen/Stomach
12.4.3
Channels Illustration All
12.4.3.1Stomach ALL
12.4.4
Channels Illus Command Points
12.4.4.1Stomach
12.5 Musculoskeletal
Pathology
12.5.1
BICEPS TENDINTIS
(Proximal)
12.5.2
BICEPS TENDINTIS (Distal)
12.6 Orthopaedic Tests
12.6.1
Biceps Strength
12.6.2
Bicipital Tendinitis Test
12.6.3
Impingement Syndrome Test
12.6.4
Reflexes (Shoulder)
12.6.5
Yergason's Test
12.7 Musculoskeletal
Examination
12.7.1
Shoulder and Shoulder Girdle
12.7.2
Elbow
12.8 Stretching
12.8.1
Stretching
Concepts
12.8.2
Stretching
Individual Muscle Discussion
12.8.3
Stretching
Muscle Illustration
12.9 Posture
12.9.1
Postural
Assessment
12.9.2
Postural
Illustrations
12.10 Massage Routines
12.10.1
Deep Tissue
12.10.1.1 Deltoid
12.10.1.2 Biceps
Triceps
12.11
Exercise
12.11.1
Biceps Brachii-Resistance Exercise
12.11.2
Biceps Brachii- Biomechanics
12.12
Discussion (Gray)
12.12.1
The Biceps brachii (Biceps;
Biceps flexor cubiti) (Fig. 411) Discussion is a long fusiform muscle,
placed on the front of the arm, and arising by two heads, from which
circumstance it has received its name. The short
head
arises by a thick flattened tendon from the apex of the coracoid
process, in common with the Coracobrachialis. The long
head
arises from the supraglenoid tuberosity at the upper margin of the
glenoid cavity, and is continuous with the glenoidal labrum. This tendon,
enclosed in a special sheath of the synovial membrane of the shoulder-joint,
arches over the head of the humerus; it emerges from the capsule through an
opening close to the humeral attachment of the ligament, and descends in the
intertubercular groove; it is retained in the groove by the transverse humeral
ligament and by a fibrous prolongation from the tendon of the Pectoralis major.
An elongated muscular belly succeeds each tendon, and the two bellies, although
closely applied to each other, can readily be separated until within about 7.5
cm. of the elbow-joint. Here they end in a flattened tendon, which is inserted
into the rough posterior portion of the tuberosity of the radius, a bursa being
interposed between the tendon and the front part of the tuberosity. As the
tendon of the muscle approaches the radius it is twisted upon itself, so that
its anterior surface becomes lateral and is applied to the tuberosity of the
radius at its insertion. Opposite the bend of the elbow the tendon gives off,
from its medial side, a broad aponeurosis, the lacertus
fibrosus
(bicipital fascia) which passes obliquely downward and medialward across
the brachial artery, and is continuous with the deep fascia covering the
origins of the Flexor muscles of the forearm (Fig. 410).
12.12.2
Variations —A third head (10
per cent.) to the Biceps brachii is occasionally found, arising at the upper
and medial part of the Brachialis, with the fibers of which it is continuous, and
inserted into the lacertus fibrosus and medial side of the tendon of the
muscle. In most cases, this additional slip lies behind the brachial artery in
its coarse down the arm. In some instances, the third head consists of two
slips, which pass down, one in front of and the other behind the artery,
concealing the vessel in the lower half of the arm. More rarely a fourth head
occurs arising from the outer side of the humerus, from the intertubercular
groove, or from the greater tubercle. Other heads are occasionally found. Slips
sometimes pass from the inner border of the muscle over the brachial artery to
the medial intermuscular septum or the medial epicondyle or more rarely to the
Pronator teres or Brachialis. The long head may be absent or arise from the
intertubercular groove.
12.12.3
Actions- The Biceps
brachii is a flexor of the elbow and, to a less extent, of the shoulder; it is
also a powerful Supinator, and serves to render tense the deep fascia of the
forearm by means of the lacertus fibrosus given off from its tendon.
12.12.4
Non Web Based
Links
12.12.4.1 Fig. 410
12.12.4.2 Fig. 411
12.12.4.3 Discussion
12.13
Quiz
12.13.1
Test Your Knowledge
12.14
Category
12.14.1
Forearm Flexors (FAF)
12.15
View (When Illustrated Individually)
12.15.1
Anterior
12.15.1.1 Illus. (DSL)
1 BICEPS
FEMORIS (Lateral Hamstring) B13E13
Back Table of Contents References
1.1 Word Derivation
1.1.1 Biceps=Two heads
of origin
1.1.2 Femoris=Femur
1.2 Attachments Illus. (DSL)
1.2.1 Origin
1.2.1.1
Long head
1.2.1.1.1
Ischial
tuberosity (Posterior Lower & Inner Impression)
1.2.1.1.2
Sacrotuberous
ligament
1.2.1.2
Short head
1.2.1.2.1
Lateral
lip of linea aspera
1.2.1.2.2
Proximal
2/3rd of lateral supracondylar line of femur
1.2.1.3 Lateral
intermuscular septum
1.2.2 Insertion
1.2.2.1
Lateral side of the head of the fibula
1.2.2.2
Lateral condyle of the tibia
1.2.2.3
Deep fascia on the lateral side of
the leg
1.3 Joints
1.3.1 Knee
1.3.2 Hip
1.4 Action Illus. (DSL)
1.4.1 Long and Short
Head
1.4.1.1
Flexion (Knee)
1.4.1.2
Lateral rotation (Knee)
1.4.2 Long Head Only
1.4.2.1
Extension (Hip)
1.4.2.2
Adduction (Hip)
1.4.2.3
Lateral Rotation (Hip)
1.4.2.4
Note
1.4.2.4.1
When
the hip is extended the long head of the biceps Femoris is placed at a
mechanical disadvantage in knee extension. The short head of the biceps Femoris
then becomes the primary knee flexor.
1.4.2.5
Reversed origin-insertion action
1.4.2.5.1
The
long head gives posterior stability to the pelvis and extends the pelvis on the
hip.
1.5 Nerve Supply
1.5.1 LONG
HEAD
1.5.1.1
Nerve
1.5.1.1.1
Sciatic (Tibial Portion)
1.5.1.2
Roots
1.5.1.2.1
L5
1.5.1.2.2
S1
1.5.1.2.3 S2
1.5.2 Short
head
1.5.2.1 Nerve
1.5.2.1.1 Sciatic
(Common peroneal portion)
1.5.2.2
Roots
1.5.2.2.1 L5
1.5.2.2.2 S1
1.5.2.2.3 S2
1.6 Synergists
1.6.1 Semimembranosus
1.6.2 Semitendinosus
1.6.3 Gracilis
1.6.4 Sartorius
1.6.5 Gastrocnemius
1.7 Muscle Tests
1.7.1 BICEPS
FEMORIS
1.8 Trigger Points
1.8.1 BICEPS FEMORIS
1.9 Organ Reflexes
1.9.1 Rectum
1.9.2 Illustrations
1.10 Meridian
1.10.1
Large Intestine
1.11 Discussion (Gray)
1.11.1
The Biceps femoris (Biceps) (Fig. 434) is situated on the posterior and lateral aspect
of the thigh. It has two heads of origin; one, the long
head,
arises from the lower and inner impression on the back part of the
tuberosity of the ischium, by a tendon common to it and the Semitendinosus, and
from the lower part of the sacrotuberous ligament; the other, the short head, arises from the lateral lip of the linea aspera,
between the Adductor magnus and Vastus lateralis, extending up almost as high
as the insertion of the Gluteus maximus; from the lateral prolongation of the
linea aspera to within 5 cm. of the lateral condyle; and from the lateral
intermuscular septum. The fibers of the long head form a fusiform belly, which
passes obliquely downward and lateralward across the sciatic nerve to end in an
aponeurosis which covers the posterior surface of the muscle, and receives the
fibers of the short head; this aponeurosis becomes gradually contracted into a
tendon, which is inserted into the lateral side of the head of the
fibula, and by a small slip into the lateral condyle of the tibia. At its
insertion, the tendon divides into two portions, which embrace the fibular
collateral ligament of the knee-joint. From the posterior border of the tendon,
a thin expansion is given off to the fascia of the leg. The tendon of insertion
of this muscle forms the lateral hamstring; the common peroneal nerve descends
along its medial border
1.11.2
Variations —The short head
may be absent; additional heads may arise from the ischial tuberosity, the
linea aspera, and the medial supracondylar ridge of the femur or from various
other parts. A slip may pass to the Gastrocnemius.
1.11.3
Actions —The hamstring
muscles flex the leg upon the thigh. When the knee is semiflexed, the Biceps
femoris in consequence of its oblique direction rotates the leg outward; and
the Semitendinosus, and to a slight extent the Semimembranosus, rotate the leg
inward, assisting the Popliteus. Taking their fixed point from below, these
muscles serve to support the pelvis upon the head of the femur, and to draw the
trunk directly backward, as in raising it from the stooping position or in
feats of strength, when the body is thrown backward in the form of an arch. As
already indicated on page 285, complete flexion of the hip cannot be affected
unless the knee-joint is also flexed, because of the shortness of the hamstring
muscles.
1.12 Category
1.12.1
Leg Posterior Flexor Compartment (LPF)
1.13 View (When
Illustrated Individually)
1.13.1
Posterior
1.13.1.1Illus. (DSL)
2 BRACHIALIS B14E14
Back Table of Contents References
2.1 Word Derivation
2.1.1 Brachion=Arm
2.2 Attachments Illus. 1
(DSL) Illus. 2
(DSL)
2.2.1 Origin
2.2.1.1
Deltoid tuberosity (embraces by two
angular processes)
2.2.1.2
Humerus (Lower ½) (Anterior) (To
within 2.5 cm of articular margin)
2.2.1.3
Intermuscular Septa (More Medial than Lateral)
2.2.2 Insertion
2.2.2.1
Tuberosity of the ulna
2.2.2.2
Coronoid process of the ulna (Rough depression on
the anterior surface)
2.3 Joints
2.3.1 Elbow
2.4 Action Illus. (DSL)
2.4.1 Flexion
2.5 Nerve Supply
2.5.1 Nerve
2.5.1.1
Musculocutaneous
2.5.1.2 Radial
2.5.2 Roots
2.5.2.1 C5
(Musculocutaneous)
2.5.2.2 C6
(Musculocutaneous)
2.5.2.3
C7 (Radial)
2.6 Synergists
2.6.1 Brachioradialis
2.6.2 Biceps
brachii
2.7 Muscle Tests
2.7.1 BRACHIALIS
2.8 Trigger Points
2.8.1 BRACHIALIS
2.9 Organ Reflexes
2.9.1 Stomach
2.9.2 Illustrations
2.10 Meridian
2.10.1
Stomach
2.11 Discussion (Gray)
2.11.1
The Brachialis (Brachialis
anticus) (Fig. 411) covers the front of the
elbow-joint and the lower half of the humerus. It arises from the lower
half of the front of the humerus, commencing above at the insertion of the
Deltoideus, which it embraces by two angular processes. Its origin extends
below to within 2.5 cm. of the margin of the articular surface. It also arises
from the intermuscular septa, but more extensively from the medial than the
lateral; it is separated from the lateral below by the Brachioradialis and
Extensor carpi radialis longus. Its fibers converge to a thick tendon, which is
inserted into the tuberosity of the ulna and the rough depression on the
anterior surface of the coronoid process.
2.11.2
Variations —Occasionally
doubled; additional slips to the Supinator, Pronator teres, Biceps, lacertus
fibrosus, or radius are more rarely found.
2.11.3
Actions- the Brachialis is a flexor of the forearm, and
forms an important defence to the elbow-joint. When the forearm is fixed, the
Biceps brachii and Brachialis flex the arm upon the forearm, as in efforts of
climbing.
2.12 Category
2.12.1
Forearm Flexors (FAF)
2.13 View
2.13.1
Anterior
2.13.1.1Illus. (DSL)
3 BRACHIORADIALIS B15E15
Back Table of Contents References
3.1 Word Derivation
3.1.1 Brachion=Arm
3.1.2 Radialis=Radius
3.2 Attachments Illus.1
(DSL) Illus.2
(DSL)
3.2.1 Origin
3.2.1.1
Humerus (Lateral supracondylar
ridge) (Proximal 2/3)
3.2.1.2
Intermuscular septum (Lateral)
3.2.2 Insertion
3.2.2.1
Radius (Styloid Process-Base-Lateral
Side)
3.3 Joints
3.3.1 Elbow
3.3.2 Radioulnar (RU)
Distal
3.4 Action Illus. (DSL)
3.4.1 Flexion
3.4.2 Pronation
(To midposition when joint is supinated) (RU) Distal
3.4.3 Supination
(To midposition when joint is Pronated) (RU) Distal
3.5 Nerve Supply
3.5.1 Nerve
3.5.1.1
Radial
3.5.2 Roots
3.5.2.1
C5
3.5.2.2
C6
3.5.2.3
C7
3.6 Synergists
3.6.1 Brachialis
3.6.2 Biceps
brachii
3.7 Muscle Tests
3.7.1 BRACHIORADIALIS
3.8 Trigger Points
3.8.1 BRACHIORADIALIS
3.9 Organ Reflexes
3.9.1 Stomach
3.9.2 Illustrations
3.10 Meridian
3.10.1
Stomach
3.11 Discussion (Gray)
3.11.1
The Brachioradialis (Supinator
longus) (Fig. 414) (Fig. 417) (Fig. 418) is the most superficial
muscle on the radial side of the forearm. It arises from the upper
two-thirds of the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus, and from the
lateral intermuscular septum, being limited above by the groove for the radial
nerve. Interposed between it and the Brachialis are the radial nerve and the
anastomosis between the anterior branch of the profunda artery and the radial
recurrent. The fibers end above the middle of the forearm in a flat tendon,
which is inserted into the lateral side of the base of the styloid
process of the radius. The tendon is crossed near its insertion by the tendons
of the Abductor pollicis longus and Extensor pollicis brevis; on its ulnar,
side is the radial artery.
3.11.2
Variations —Fusion with the
Brachialis; tendon of insertion may be divided into two or three slips;
insertion partial or complete into the middle of the radius, fasciculi to the
tendon of the Biceps, the tuberosity or oblique line of the radius; slips to
the Extensor carpi radialis longus or Abductor pollicis longus; absence; rarely
doubled.
3.11.3
Actions-The
Brachioradialis is a flexor of the elbow-joint, but only acts as such when the
Biceps brachii and Brachialis have initiated the movement of flexion.
3.12 Category
3.12.1
Forearm Flexors (FAF)
3.13 View
3.13.1
Anterior
3.13.1.1Illus. (DSL)
4 BUCCINATOR B16E16
Back Table of Contents References
4.1 Word Derivation
4.1.1 Bucc=Cheek
4.1.2 Buccina=a trumpet
4.2 Attachments
4.2.1 Origin
4.2.1.1
Upper attachment
4.2.1.1.1
Maxilla
(External surfaces of the alveolar process) (Corresponding to the three molar
teeth) (Crossing the maxillary tuberosity to the pterygold hamulus)
4.2.1.2
Middle attachment
4.2.1.2.1
Pterygomandibular
raphe (Anterior border)
4.2.1.3
Inferior attachment
4.2.1.3.1
Mandible
(External surfaces of the alveolar processes) (Corresponding to the three molar
teeth) (Crossing the junction of the ramus and body to the posterior end of the
mylohyoid line)
4.2.1.3.2
Mandible
(Buccinator Ridge)
4.2.2 Insertion
4.2.2.1
Upper fibers
4.2.2.1.1
Orbicularis
Oris (Blend with upper fibers)
4.2.2.2
Middle fibers
4.2.2.2.1
Orbicularis
Oris (Decussate (cross) so that lower and upper ones continue into upper and
lower parts of the Orbicularis Oris)
4.2.2.3
Lower fibers
4.2.2.3.1
Blend
with lower fibers of orbicularis oris
4.3 Action Illus. (DSL)
4.3.1 Compresses
the cheeks against the teeth
4.3.2 Draws
angle of the mouth laterally.
4.4 Nerve Supply
4.4.1 Facial
(VII)
4.4.2 Inferior
buccal branch
4.5 Arterial supply
4.5.1 Buccal
(Maxillary)
4.5.2 Facial
4.5.3 Transverse
facial
4.6 Synergists
4.6.1 Risorius
4.7 Antagonists
4.7.1 Orbicularis
oris
4.8 Muscle Tests
4.8.1 BUCCINATOR
4.9 Trigger Points
4.9.1 BUCCINATOR
4.10 Organ Reflexes
4.10.1
None
4.10.2
Illustrations
4.11 Meridian
4.11.1
None
4.12 Discussion (Gray)
4.12.1
The Buccinator (Fig. 380) (Fig. 381) is a thin quadrilateral muscle, occupying the
interval between the maxilla and the mandible at the side of the face. It arises
from the outer surfaces of the alveolar processes of the maxilla and mandible,
corresponding to the three molar teeth; and behind, from the anterior border of
the pterygomandibular raphé which separates it from the Constrictor pharyngis
superior. The fibers converge toward the angle of the mouth, where the central
fibers intersect each other, those from below being continuous with the upper
segment of the Orbicularis oris, and those from above with the lower segment;
the upper and lower fibers are continued forward into the corresponding lip
without decussation.
4.12.2
Relations —The Buccinator
is covered by the buccopharyngeal fascia, and is in relation by its superficial
surface, behind, with a large mass of fat, which separates it from the
ramus of the mandible, the Masseter, and a small portion of the Temporalis;
this fat has been named the suctorial pad, because it is supposed to
assist in the act of sucking. The parotid duct pierces the Buccinator opposite
the second molar tooth of the maxilla. The deep surface is in relation
with the buccal glands and mucous membrane of the mouth.
4.12.3
Actions- The Buccinators
compress the cheeks, so that, during the process of mastication, the food is
kept under the immediate pressure of the teeth. When the cheeks have been
previously distended with air, the Buccinator muscles expel it from between the
lips, as in blowing a trumpet; hence the name (buccina, a trumpet).
4.13 Category
4.13.1
Facial Expression (FE)
4.14 View
4.14.1
Anterior
4.14.1.1Illus. (DSL)
5 BULBOCAVERNOSUS
(BULBOSPONGIOSUS) B17E17
Back Table of Contents References
5.1 Word Derivation
5.1.1 Bulbus=Bulb
5.1.2 Caverna=Hollow
5.2 Attachments
5.2.1 Origin
5.2.1.1
Central tendon of perineum
5.2.2 Insertion
5.2.2.1
Inferior fascia of urogenital diaphragm
5.2.2.2
Corpus spongiosum of penis
5.2.2.3
Deep fascia on dorsum of penis in male
5.2.2.4
Pubic arch (Female)
5.2.2.5
Root and dorsum of clitoris (Female)
5.3 Action Illus. (DSL)
5.3.1 Helps expel last
drops of urine during micturition
5.3.2 Propel semen along
urethra
5.3.3 Assist in erection
of the penis in male
5.3.4 Decreases vaginal
orifice and assists in erection of clitoris in female
5.4 Nerve Supply
5.4.1 Perineal branch of
pudendal nerve
5.5 Synergists
5.5.1
5.6 Muscle Tests
5.6.1 BULBOCAVERNOSUS
5.7 Trigger Points
5.7.1 BULBOCAVERNOSUS
5.8 Organ Reflexes
5.8.1 None
5.8.2 Illustrations
5.9 Meridian
5.9.1 None
5.10 Discussion (Gray)
5.10.1
The Bulbocavernosus (Ejaculator
urinæ; Accelerator urinæ) (Fig. 406) is placed in the middle line of the perineum, in front of
the anus. It consists of two symmetrical parts, united along the median line by
a tendinous raphé. It arises from the central tendinous point of the
perineum and from the median raphé in front. Its fibers diverge like the barbs
of a quill-pen; the most posterior form a thin layer, which is lost on the
inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm; the middle fibers encircle the
bulb and adjacent parts, of the corpus cavernosum urethræ, and join with the
fibers of the opposite side, on the upper part of the corpus cavernosum
urethræ, in a strong aponeurosis; the anterior fibers, spread out over the side
of the corpus cavernosum penis, to be inserted partly into that body, anterior
to the Ischiocavernosus, occasionally extending to the pubis, and partly ending
in a tendinous expansion which covers the dorsal vessels of the penis. Dividing
the muscle longitudinally, and reflecting it from the surface of the corpus
cavernosum urethræ best see the latter fibers.
5.10.2
Actions—This muscle
serves to empty the canal of the urethra, after the bladder has expelled its
contents; during the greater part of the act of micturition its fibers are
relaxed, and it only comes into action at the end of the process. The middle
fibers are supposed by Krause to assist in the erection of the corpus
cavernosum urethræ, by compressing the erectile tissue of the bulb. The
anterior fibers, according to Tyrrel, also contribute to the erection of the
penis by compressing the deep dorsal vein of the penis, as they are inserted
into, and continuous with, the fascia of the penis.
5.11 Category
5.11.1
Perineum (PRN)
5.12 View
5.12.1
Ventral
5.12.1.1Illus. (DSL)
6 CILIARY MUSCLE B18E18
Back Table of Contents References
6.1 Attachments
6.1.1 Origin
6.1.1.1
Scleral spur (posterior margin)
6.1.2 Insertion
6.1.2.1
Stroma of the choroid
6.1.2.2
Ciliary processes
6.1.2.3
Orbiculus ciliaris
6.2 Action Illus. (DSL)
6.2.1 Modify
the shape of the lens to adjust for near (lens thickening) or distant Vision
(lens thinning)
6.3 Nerve Supply
6.3.1 Near
vision
6.3.1.1
Parasympathetic fibers through the Oculomotor
nerve (III), from Edinger-Westphal nucleus
6.3.2 Distant vision
6.3.2.1
Sympathetic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion
passing into the eye as the long ciliary nerves
6.4 Arterial supply
6.4.1 Long
posterior and anterior ciliary rami from the ophthalmic and lacrimal branches
of the internal carotid artery
6.5 Synergists
6.5.1 None
6.6 Muscle Tests
6.6.1 CILIARY
6.7 Trigger Points
6.7.1 CILIARY
6.8 Organ Reflexes
6.8.1 None
6.8.2 Illustrations
6.9 Meridian
6.9.1 None
6.10 Antagonists
6.10.1
Parasympathetic and Sympathetic
fibers produce antagonistic effects
6.10.2
Parasympathetic fibers
6.10.2.1
Contract the ciliary muscle thereby relaxing the zonal
fibers which suspend the lens at its periphery
6.10.2.2
The relaxed lens thickens
6.10.3
Sympathetic fibers
6.10.3.1
Act upon arteries in ciliary body
6.10.3.2
Vasomotor activity increases tension
in lens zonal fibers and produces a thinning of the lens
6.11 Discussion (Gray)
6.11.1
The Ciliaris muscle (m. ciliaris;
Bowman’s muscle) consists of unstriped fibers: it forms a grayish,
semitransparent, circular band, about 3 mm. broad, on the outer surface of the
forepart of the choroid. It is thickest in front, and consists of two sets of
fibers, meridional and circular. The meridional fibers, much the more numerous, arise from
the posterior margin of the scleral spur (page 1007); they run backward, and
are attached to the ciliary processes (Fig. 875) and orbiculus ciliaris (Fig. 875). One
bundle, according to Waldeyer, is inserted into the sclera. The circular fibers
are internal to the meridional ones, and in a meridional section appear as a
triangular zone behind the filtration angle and close to the circumference of
the iris. They are well developed in hypermetropic, but are rudimentary or
absent in myopic eyes. The Ciliaris muscle is the chief agent in accommodation,
i.e., in adjusting the eye to the vision of near objects. When it
contracts it, draws forward the ciliary processes, relaxes the suspensory
ligament of the lens, and thus allows the lens to become more convex.
6.11.2
Definitions
6.11.2.1
The Ciliary Body (corpus
ciliare)
—The ciliary body comprises the orbiculus
ciliaris,
and the Ciliaris muscle
6.11.2.2
The orbiculus ciliaris is a zone of
about 4 mm. in width, directly continuous with the anterior part of the
choroid; it presents numerous ridges arranged in a radial manner), the ciliary processes.
6.11.2.3
The ciliary processes (processus
ciliares) are formed by the inward folding of the various layers of the
choroid, i.e., the choroid proper and the lamina basalis, and are
received between corresponding foldings of the suspensory ligament of the lens.
6.11.2.4
Stroma of the choroid Interspersed
between the vessels are dark star-shaped pigment cells, the processes of which,
communicating with those of neighbouring cells, form a delicate net-work or
stroma, which toward the inner surface of the choroid loses its pigmentary
character. The inner layer (lamina
choriocapillaris) consists of an exceedingly fine capillary plexus, formed
by the short ciliary vessels; the network is closer and finer in the posterior
than in the anterior part of the choroid. About 1.25 cm. behind the cornea its
meshes become larger, and are continuous with those of the ciliary processes.
This lamina is connected by a stratum
intermedium
consisting of fine elastic fibers. On the inner surface of the lamina
choriocapillaris is a very thin, structureless, or faintly fibrous membrane,
called the lamina basalis; it is closely
connected with the stroma of the choroid, and separates it from the pigmentary
layer of the retina.
6.11.2.5
The Sclera —The sclera has
received its name from its extreme density and hardness; it is a firm,
unyielding membrane, serving to maintain the form of the bulb. It is much
thicker behind than in front; the thickness of its posterior part is 1 mm.
6.11.2.6
The Cornea —The cornea is
the projecting transparent part of the external tunic, and forms the anterior
sixth of the surface of the bulb.
6.11.2.7
The Iris —The iris has
received its name from its various colors in different individuals. It is a
thin, circular, contractile disk, suspended in the aqueous humour between the
cornea and lens, and perforated a little to the nasal side of its center by a
circular aperture, the pupil.
6.11.3
Additional Illustrations
6.11.3.1
(Fig. 869)
6.11.3.2
(Fig. 870)
6.11.3.3
(Fig. 872)
6.11.3.4
(Fig. 873)
6.11.3.5
(Fig. 874)
6.11.3.6
(Fig. 875)
6.11.3.7
(Fig.876)
6.12 Category
6.12.1
Eye Ball (EB)
6.13 View
6.13.1
(Note: Lower two s are enlarged horizontal
sections.)
6.13.1.1Illus. (DSL)
7 COCCYGEUS
(ISCHIOCOCCYGEUS) B19E19
Back Table of Contents References
7.1 Word Derivation
7.1.1 Coccygeus=Coccyx
7.2 Attachments Illus. 1 (DSL) Illus. 2 (DSL)
7.2.1 Origin
7.2.1.1
Ischial Spine
7.2.2 Insertion
7.2.2.1
Lower Sacrum
7.2.2.2
Upper Coccyx
7.3 Action Illus. (DSL)
7.3.1 Supports and
slightly raises pelvic floor
7.3.2 Resists
intraabdominal pressure
7.3.3 Pulls coccyx
forward following defecation or parturition
7.4 Nerve Supply
7.4.1 Nerve
7.4.1.1
Sacral
7.4.2 Roots
7.4.2.1
S3
7.4.2.2
S4
7.5 Synergists
7.5.1
7.6 Muscle Tests
7.6.1 COCCYGEUS
7.7 Trigger Points
7.7.1 COCCYGEUS
7.8 Organ Reflexes
7.8.1 None
7.8.2 Illustrations
7.9 Meridian
7.9.1 None
7.10 Discussion (Gray)
7.10.1
The Coccygeus (Fig. 404) is situated behind the preceding. It is a
triangular plane of muscular and tendinous fibers, arising by its apex
from the spine of the ischium and sacrospinous ligament, and inserted by
its base into the margin of the coccyx and into the side of the lowest piece of
the sacrum. It assists the Levator Ani and Piriformis in closing in the back
part of the outlet of the pelvis.
7.10.2
Nerve Supply —a branch from
the fourth and fifth sacral nerves supplies The Coccygeus.
7.10.3
Actions—The Coccygei pull
forward and support the coccyx, after it has been pressed backward during
defecation or parturition.
7.11 Category
7.11.1
Pelvic Floor (PF)
7.12 View
7.12.1
Ventral
7.12.1.1Illus. (DSL)
8 CORACOBRACHIALIS B20E20
Back Table of Contents References
8.1 Word Derivation
8.1.1 Coraco=Coracoid
process
8.2 Attachments Illus. (DSL)
8.2.1 Origin
8.2.1.1
Tip of coracoid process of scapula
8.2.2 Insertion
8.2.2.1
Middle of medial border of humerus,
opposite deltoid tuberosity
8.3 Joints
8.3.1 Glenohumeral
8.4 Action Illus. (DSL)
8.4.1 Horizontal
flexion
8.4.2 Adduction
8.5 Nerve Supply
8.5.1 Nerve
8.5.1.1
Musculocutaneous
8.5.2 Roots
8.5.2.1
C5
8.5.2.2
C6
8.5.2.3
C7
8.6 Synergists
8.6.1 Pectoralis
major
8.6.2 Biceps
brachii
8.6.3 Anterior
deltoid
8.7 Muscle Tests
8.7.1 CORACOBRACHIALIS
8.8 Trigger Points
8.8.1 CORACOBRACHIALIS
8.9 Organ Reflexes
8.9.1 Lung
8.9.2 Illustrations
8.10 Meridian
8.10.1
Lung
8.11 Discussion (Gray)
8.11.1
The Coracobrachialis (Fig. 411) the smallest of the three muscles in this region
is situated at the upper and medial part of the arm. It arises from the
apex of the coracoid process, in common with the short head of the Biceps
brachii, and from the intermuscular septum between the two muscles; it is inserted
by means of a flat tendon into an impression at the middle of the medial
surface and border of the body of the humerus between the origins of the
Triceps brachii and Brachialis. It is perforated by the musculocutaneous nerve
8.11.2
Variations —A bony head may
reach the medial epicondyle; a short head more rarely found may insert into the
lesser tubercle.
8.11.3
Actions —The
Coracobrachialis draws the humerus forward and medialward, and at the same time
assists in retaining the head of the bone in contact with the glenoid cavity.
8.12 Category
8.12.1
Arm Scapular (AS)
8.13 View
8.13.1
Anterior
8.13.1.1Illus. (DSL)
9 CORRUGATOR
SUPERCILII B21E21
Back Table of Contents References